Use of macroaggregated albumin lung perfusion scan to diagnose hepatopulmonary syndrome: A new approach

Background and Aims: We have reported that contrast echocardiography is a sensitive screening test for the hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS). However, contrast echocardiography lacks specificity because many cirrhotic patients have positive study results with normal arterial blood gases and therefore do not fulfill criteria for HPS. The aim of this study was to assess the role of macroaggregated albumin lung perfusion scans (MAA scans) in the diagnosis of HPS. Methods: MAA scans were performed in 25 patients with HPS, 25 cirrhotic patients without HPS, and 15 hypoxemic subjects with intrinsic lung disease alone. An MAA shunt fraction was calculated from brain and lung counts. Results: MAA scan results were positive in 21 of 25 patients with HPS and negative in all controls. All 21 patients with positive MAA scans had PO₂ values of <60 mm Hg. There was a strong inverse correlation between the degree of the MAA shunt fraction and arterial hypoxemia (r = -0.726). Conclusions: A positive MAA scan result in cirrhosis is specific for the presence of moderate to severe HPS. We speculate that MAA scans may be particularly useful in evaluating the contribution of HPS to the hypoxemia in cirrhotic patients with intrinsic lung disease.