TY - JOUR
T1 - Urinary Cadmium and Age-related Macular Degeneration
AU - Erie, Jay C.
AU - Good, Jonathan A.
AU - Butz, John A.
AU - Hodge, David O.
AU - Pulido, Jose S.
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported in part by Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc, New York, New York, and the Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota. The authors indicate no financial conflict of interest. Involved in design and conduct of study (J.C.E., J.S.P., J.A.G., J.A.B., D.O.H.); collection and management of data (J.C.E., J.A.G., D.O.H.); analysis and interpretation of data (J.C.E., J.S.P., J.A.G., J.A.B., D.O.H.); preparation of manuscript (J.C.E., J.A.B., J.S.P., D.O.H.); review and approval of manuscript (J.C.E., J.S.P., J.A.G., J.A.B., D.O.H.). The study of this cohort and data accumulation was carried out with the approval of the Institutional Review Board of Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study was performed in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act regulations.
PY - 2007/9
Y1 - 2007/9
N2 - Purpose: To evaluate the association between urinary and blood cadmium (Cd) levels with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design: Prospective case-control study. Methods: In 53 participants older than 60 years with AMD in both eyes and in 53 age-matched (± 3 years) controls without AMD, Cd levels were measured in blood and urine specimens (with and without creatinine adjustment) by using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Data on age, gender, smoking status, and family history were obtained. By using color stereoscopic fundus photographs, the degree of AMD was graded using the Age-Related Eye Disease Study's 4-stage AMD severity scale. The inclusion criterion for AMD cases was a photographic severity level of two to four in both eyes. Median blood and urine Cd and median urine Cd/creatinine concentrations in cases and controls were compared by using the rank-sum test, stratifying for smoking status. Results: Current and former smokers with AMD had median urine Cd/creatinine levels (1.18 μg/g; range, 0.84 to 1.44 μg/g) that were 97% higher than smokers without AMD (0.60 μg/g; range, 0.49 to 0.90 μg/g; P = .02), 111% higher than never smokers with AMD (0.56 μg/g; range, 0.40 to 0.80 μg/g; P < .001) and 107% higher than never smokers without AMD (0.57 μg/g; 0.40 to 0.65 μg/g; P < .001). Blood Cd levels, indicative of short-term exposure levels, were not associated with AMD (P ≥ .06). Conclusions: A higher urinary Cd level, which reflects the total body burden of Cd, was associated with AMD in smokers. Accumulated Cd exposure may be important in the development of smoking-related AMD.
AB - Purpose: To evaluate the association between urinary and blood cadmium (Cd) levels with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design: Prospective case-control study. Methods: In 53 participants older than 60 years with AMD in both eyes and in 53 age-matched (± 3 years) controls without AMD, Cd levels were measured in blood and urine specimens (with and without creatinine adjustment) by using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Data on age, gender, smoking status, and family history were obtained. By using color stereoscopic fundus photographs, the degree of AMD was graded using the Age-Related Eye Disease Study's 4-stage AMD severity scale. The inclusion criterion for AMD cases was a photographic severity level of two to four in both eyes. Median blood and urine Cd and median urine Cd/creatinine concentrations in cases and controls were compared by using the rank-sum test, stratifying for smoking status. Results: Current and former smokers with AMD had median urine Cd/creatinine levels (1.18 μg/g; range, 0.84 to 1.44 μg/g) that were 97% higher than smokers without AMD (0.60 μg/g; range, 0.49 to 0.90 μg/g; P = .02), 111% higher than never smokers with AMD (0.56 μg/g; range, 0.40 to 0.80 μg/g; P < .001) and 107% higher than never smokers without AMD (0.57 μg/g; 0.40 to 0.65 μg/g; P < .001). Blood Cd levels, indicative of short-term exposure levels, were not associated with AMD (P ≥ .06). Conclusions: A higher urinary Cd level, which reflects the total body burden of Cd, was associated with AMD in smokers. Accumulated Cd exposure may be important in the development of smoking-related AMD.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.ajo.2007.05.020
DO - 10.1016/j.ajo.2007.05.020
M3 - Article
C2 - 17631267
AN - SCOPUS:34548264589
SN - 0002-9394
VL - 144
SP - 414-418.e1
JO - American journal of ophthalmology
JF - American journal of ophthalmology
IS - 3
ER -