TY - JOUR
T1 - Hypochlorous acid-generating electrochemical catheter prototype for prevention of intraluminal infection
AU - Cano, Edison J.
AU - Flurin, Laure
AU - Mohamed, Abdelrhman
AU - Greenwood-Quaintance, Kerryl E.
AU - Raval, Yash S.
AU - Beyenal, Haluk
AU - Patel, Robin
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (award number R01 AI091594). The following reagent was provided by the Network on Antimicrobial Resistance in S. aureus (NARSA) for distribution by BEI Resources, NIAID, NIH: S. epidermidis, strain NRS34, NR-45879. R.P. reports grants from Merck, ContraFect, TenNor Therapeutics Limited, and Shionogi. R.P. is a consultant to Curetis, Specific Technologies, Next Gen Diagnostics, PathoQuest, Selux Diagnostics, 1928 Diagnostics, PhAST, and Qvella; monies are paid to Mayo Clinic. R.P. is also a consultant to Netflix. In addition, R.P. has a patent on Bordetella pertussis/ parapertussis PCR issued, a patent on a device/method for sonication with royalties paid by Samsung to Mayo Clinic, and a patent on an antibiofilm substance issued. R.P. receives an editor’s stipend from the IDSA and honoraria from the NBME, Up-to-Date, and the Infectious Diseases Board Review Course. H.B. holds a patent (33), “Electrochemical reduction or prevention of infections.” E.J.C. contributed to the work’s conception and design, as well as data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. L.F. contributed to the work’s design and conception, as well as data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. A.M. contributed to data acquisition and analysis. Y.S.R., A.M., H.B., K.E.G.-Q., and R.P. contributed to the work’s conception and data interpretation.
Funding Information:
This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (award number R01 AI091594).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Cano et al.
PY - 2021/10
Y1 - 2021/10
N2 - Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) contributes to mortality and cost. While aseptic dressings and antibiotic-impregnated catheters prevent some extraluminal infections, intraluminal infections remain a source of CLABSIs. In this proof-of-concept study, an electrochemical intravascular catheter (e-catheter) prototype capable of electrochemically generating hypochlorous acid intraluminally using platinum electrodes polarized at a constant potential of 1.5 electrode potential relative to saturated silver/silver chloride reference electrode measured in volts (VAg/AgCl) was developed. After 24 h of prepolarization at 1.5 VAg/AgCl, their activity was tested against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium, and Escherichia coli derived from catheter-related infections. e-catheters generated a mean HOCl concentration of 15.86 ± 4.03 mM and had a mean pH of 6.14 ± 0.79. E-catheters prevented infections of all four species, with an average reduction of 8.41 ± 0.61 log10 CFU/ml at 48 h compared to controls. Polarized e-catheters which generate low amounts of HOCl continuously should be further developed to prevent intraluminal infection. IMPORTANCE Catheter-related infections constitute an economic and mortality burden in health care. Several options are available to reduce the risk of infection, but only a few focus on preventing intraluminal infection, which occurs in long-term catheters, most often used for dialysis, prolonged treatment, or chemotherapy. A prototype of a catheter called an “e-catheter” composed of three electrodes, capable of producing hypochlorous acid (HOCl) electrochemically in its lumen, was developed. When polarized at 1.5 V, chloride ions in the solution are oxidized to continuously produce low amounts of HOCl, which exhibits antibacterial activity in the lumen of the catheter. Here, this prototype was shown to be able to generate HOCl as well as prevent infection in a preliminary in vitro catheter model. This approach is a potential strategy for catheter infection prevention.
AB - Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) contributes to mortality and cost. While aseptic dressings and antibiotic-impregnated catheters prevent some extraluminal infections, intraluminal infections remain a source of CLABSIs. In this proof-of-concept study, an electrochemical intravascular catheter (e-catheter) prototype capable of electrochemically generating hypochlorous acid intraluminally using platinum electrodes polarized at a constant potential of 1.5 electrode potential relative to saturated silver/silver chloride reference electrode measured in volts (VAg/AgCl) was developed. After 24 h of prepolarization at 1.5 VAg/AgCl, their activity was tested against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium, and Escherichia coli derived from catheter-related infections. e-catheters generated a mean HOCl concentration of 15.86 ± 4.03 mM and had a mean pH of 6.14 ± 0.79. E-catheters prevented infections of all four species, with an average reduction of 8.41 ± 0.61 log10 CFU/ml at 48 h compared to controls. Polarized e-catheters which generate low amounts of HOCl continuously should be further developed to prevent intraluminal infection. IMPORTANCE Catheter-related infections constitute an economic and mortality burden in health care. Several options are available to reduce the risk of infection, but only a few focus on preventing intraluminal infection, which occurs in long-term catheters, most often used for dialysis, prolonged treatment, or chemotherapy. A prototype of a catheter called an “e-catheter” composed of three electrodes, capable of producing hypochlorous acid (HOCl) electrochemically in its lumen, was developed. When polarized at 1.5 V, chloride ions in the solution are oxidized to continuously produce low amounts of HOCl, which exhibits antibacterial activity in the lumen of the catheter. Here, this prototype was shown to be able to generate HOCl as well as prevent infection in a preliminary in vitro catheter model. This approach is a potential strategy for catheter infection prevention.
KW - Catheter-related bloodstream infection
KW - Electrochemistry
KW - Hypochlorous acid
KW - Infection prevention
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85119130626&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85119130626&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1128/Spectrum.00557-21
DO - 10.1128/Spectrum.00557-21
M3 - Article
C2 - 34704827
AN - SCOPUS:85119130626
VL - 9
JO - Microbiology spectrum
JF - Microbiology spectrum
SN - 2165-0497
IS - 2
M1 - e00557-21
ER -