TY - JOUR
T1 - HIV protease inhibitors modulate apoptosis signaling in vitro and in vivo
AU - Vlahakis, Stacey R.
AU - Bennett, Steffany A.L.
AU - Whitehead, Shawn N.
AU - Badley, Andrew D.
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgments SRV is supported by a grant from the Mayo Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense and a Robert and Arlene Kogod Program on Aging Award from the Mayo Foundation. ADB is supported by NIH grants RO1-AI62261 and RO1-AI40384, and a Burroughs Wellcome Award ID#1005160.
PY - 2007/5
Y1 - 2007/5
N2 - HIV protease inhibitors are an integral part of effective anti-HIV therapy. The drugs block HIV protease, prevent proper packaging of HIV virions, and decrease the HIV viral burden in the peripheral blood of infected individuals. In addition to direct anti-viral effects, the HIV protease inhibitors also modulate apoptosis. A growing body of work demonstrates the anti-apoptotic effects of HIV protease inhibitors on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during HIV infection. The mechanism of this apoptosis inhibition is supported by several proposed hypotheses for how they alter the fate of the cell, including preventing adenine nucleotide translocator pore function, which consequently prevents loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. More recently, the anti-apoptotic effects of the HIV protease inhibitors have been tested in non-HIV, non-immune cell, whereby protease inhibitors prevent apoptosis, and disease in animal models of sepsis, hepatitis, pancreatitis and stroke. Interestingly, when HIV protease inhibitors are used at supra-therapeutic concentrations, they exert pro-apoptotic effects. This has been demonstrated in a number of tumor models. Although it is unclear how HIV protease inhibitors can induce apoptosis at increased concentrations, future research will define the targets of the immunomodulation and reveal the full clinical potential of this intriguing class of drugs.
AB - HIV protease inhibitors are an integral part of effective anti-HIV therapy. The drugs block HIV protease, prevent proper packaging of HIV virions, and decrease the HIV viral burden in the peripheral blood of infected individuals. In addition to direct anti-viral effects, the HIV protease inhibitors also modulate apoptosis. A growing body of work demonstrates the anti-apoptotic effects of HIV protease inhibitors on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during HIV infection. The mechanism of this apoptosis inhibition is supported by several proposed hypotheses for how they alter the fate of the cell, including preventing adenine nucleotide translocator pore function, which consequently prevents loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. More recently, the anti-apoptotic effects of the HIV protease inhibitors have been tested in non-HIV, non-immune cell, whereby protease inhibitors prevent apoptosis, and disease in animal models of sepsis, hepatitis, pancreatitis and stroke. Interestingly, when HIV protease inhibitors are used at supra-therapeutic concentrations, they exert pro-apoptotic effects. This has been demonstrated in a number of tumor models. Although it is unclear how HIV protease inhibitors can induce apoptosis at increased concentrations, future research will define the targets of the immunomodulation and reveal the full clinical potential of this intriguing class of drugs.
KW - Apoptosis
KW - HIV protease inhibitors
KW - Mitochondria
KW - Neurons
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U2 - 10.1007/s10495-007-0755-3
DO - 10.1007/s10495-007-0755-3
M3 - Review article
C2 - 17453162
AN - SCOPUS:34247477638
SN - 1360-8185
VL - 12
SP - 969
EP - 977
JO - Apoptosis
JF - Apoptosis
IS - 5
ER -