TY - JOUR
T1 - Cranial suture obliteration is induced by removal of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3 activity and prevented by removal of TCF-β2 activity from fetal rat calvaria in vitro
AU - Opperman, Lynne A.
AU - Chhabra, Anikar
AU - Cho, Richard W.
AU - Ogle, Roy C.
PY - 1999
Y1 - 1999
N2 - Cranial suture morphogenesis requires soluble, heparin-binding factors secreted by the dura mater to resist premature osseous obliteration. Elevated levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 have previously been noted in cranial sutures undergoing normal and premature sutural obliteration. To examine the role of TGF-βs in regulating cranial suture morphogenesis, an established in vitro, serum-free, calvarial culture system was used. In this system, fetal rat coronal sutures undergo apparently normal suture morphogenesis in the presence of dura mater, but undergo osseous obliteration in the absence of dura mater. Neutralizing polyclonal antibodies to TGF-β1, TGF-β2, or TGF-β3 were added to cultures of fetal day 19 rat calvaria, which were harvested at 3, 4, or 5 days, processed for histology, sectioned, and examined. Coronal sutures from calvaria cultured in the presence of dura mater resisted obliteration, either alone or in the presence of TGF-β1 or TGF-β2 neutralizing antibodies. However, sutures from calvaria cultured in the presence of TGF-β3 neutralizing antibodies became obliterated. Conversely, sutures from calvaria cultured in the absence of dura mater became obliterated by bone, either alone or in the presence of neutralizing antibodies to TGF-β1 or TGF-β3. However, those sutures cultured in the presence of neutralizing antibodies to TGF-β2 were rescued from osseous obliteration.
AB - Cranial suture morphogenesis requires soluble, heparin-binding factors secreted by the dura mater to resist premature osseous obliteration. Elevated levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 have previously been noted in cranial sutures undergoing normal and premature sutural obliteration. To examine the role of TGF-βs in regulating cranial suture morphogenesis, an established in vitro, serum-free, calvarial culture system was used. In this system, fetal rat coronal sutures undergo apparently normal suture morphogenesis in the presence of dura mater, but undergo osseous obliteration in the absence of dura mater. Neutralizing polyclonal antibodies to TGF-β1, TGF-β2, or TGF-β3 were added to cultures of fetal day 19 rat calvaria, which were harvested at 3, 4, or 5 days, processed for histology, sectioned, and examined. Coronal sutures from calvaria cultured in the presence of dura mater resisted obliteration, either alone or in the presence of TGF-β1 or TGF-β2 neutralizing antibodies. However, sutures from calvaria cultured in the presence of TGF-β3 neutralizing antibodies became obliterated. Conversely, sutures from calvaria cultured in the absence of dura mater became obliterated by bone, either alone or in the presence of neutralizing antibodies to TGF-β1 or TGF-β3. However, those sutures cultured in the presence of neutralizing antibodies to TGF-β2 were rescued from osseous obliteration.
KW - Calvaria
KW - Craniosynostosis
KW - Dura mater
KW - Growth factors
KW - Morphogenesis
KW - Sutures
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0032741235&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0032741235&partnerID=8YFLogxK
M3 - Article
C2 - 10589398
AN - SCOPUS:0032741235
SN - 0270-4145
VL - 19
SP - 164
EP - 173
JO - Journal of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology
JF - Journal of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology
IS - 3
ER -