Arterial imaging outcomes and cardiovascular risk factors in recently menopausal women: A randomized trial

Whether menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) protects against cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear. Objective: To assess atherosclerosis progression and CVD risk factors after MHT initiated in early menopause. Design: Randomized, controlled trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00154180) Setting: Nine U.S. academic centers. Participants: Healthy menopausal women aged 42 to 58 years between 6 and 36 months from last menses without prior CVD events who had a coronary artery calcium (CAC) score less than 50 Agatston units and had not received estrogen or lipid-lowering therapy for at least 90 days. Intervention: Oral conjugated equine estrogens (o-CEE), 0.45 mg/d, or transdermal 17β-estradiol (t-E₂), 50 mcg/d, each with 200 mg of oral progesterone for 12 days per month, or placebo for 48 months. Measurements: Primary end point was annual change in carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT). Secondary end points included changes in markers of CVD risk. Results: Of 727 randomly assigned women, 89.3% had at least 1 follow-up CIMT and 79.8% had CIMT at 48 months. Mean CIMT increases of 0.007 mm/y were similar across groups. The percentages of participants in whom CAC score increased did not differ significantly across groups. No changes in blood pressure were observed with o-CEE or t-E₂. Low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels improved and levels of C-reactive protein and sex hormone-binding globulin but not interleukin-6 increased with o-CEE. Insulin resistance decreased with t-E₂. Serious adverse events did not differ by treatment. Limitation: Power to compare clinical events was insufficient. Conclusion: Four years of early MHT did not affect progression of atherosclerosis despite improving some markers of CVD risk.