TY - JOUR
T1 - Xenotransplantation
T2 - Current Challenges and Emerging Solutions
AU - Arabi, Tarek Ziad
AU - Sabbah, Belal Nedal
AU - Lerman, Amir
AU - Zhu, Xiang Yang
AU - Lerman, Lilach O.
N1 - Funding Information:
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was partly supported by NIH grant numbers: DK120292, DK122734, HL158691, and AG062104.
Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2023.
PY - 2023/1/1
Y1 - 2023/1/1
N2 - To address the ongoing shortage of organs available for replacement, xenotransplantation of hearts, corneas, skin, and kidneys has been attempted. However, a major obstacle facing xenotransplants is rejection due to a cycle of immune reactions to the graft. Both adaptive and innate immune systems contribute to this cycle, in which natural killer cells, macrophages, and T-cells play a significant role. While advancements in the field of genetic editing can circumvent some of these obstacles, biomarkers to identify and predict xenograft rejection remain to be standardized. Several T-cell markers, such as CD3, CD4, and CD8, are useful in both the diagnosis and prediction of xenograft rejection. Furthermore, an increase in the levels of various circulating DNA markers and microRNAs is also predictive of xenograft rejection. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the advancements in xenotransplantation, with a focus on pig-to-human, the role of immunity in xenograft rejection, and its biomarkers.
AB - To address the ongoing shortage of organs available for replacement, xenotransplantation of hearts, corneas, skin, and kidneys has been attempted. However, a major obstacle facing xenotransplants is rejection due to a cycle of immune reactions to the graft. Both adaptive and innate immune systems contribute to this cycle, in which natural killer cells, macrophages, and T-cells play a significant role. While advancements in the field of genetic editing can circumvent some of these obstacles, biomarkers to identify and predict xenograft rejection remain to be standardized. Several T-cell markers, such as CD3, CD4, and CD8, are useful in both the diagnosis and prediction of xenograft rejection. Furthermore, an increase in the levels of various circulating DNA markers and microRNAs is also predictive of xenograft rejection. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the advancements in xenotransplantation, with a focus on pig-to-human, the role of immunity in xenograft rejection, and its biomarkers.
KW - diagnostic biomarkers
KW - genetic editing
KW - immune rejection
KW - predictive biomarkers
KW - tolerance induction
KW - xenoantigens
KW - xenotransplantation
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85146358933&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85146358933&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1177/09636897221148771
DO - 10.1177/09636897221148771
M3 - Review article
C2 - 36644844
AN - SCOPUS:85146358933
SN - 0963-6897
VL - 32
JO - Cell Transplantation
JF - Cell Transplantation
ER -