TY - JOUR
T1 - Wireless Instantaneous Neurotransmitter Concentration System
T2 - Electrochemical monitoring of serotonin using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry - A proof-of-principle study. Laboratory investigation
AU - Griessenauer, Christoph J.
AU - Chang, Su Youne
AU - Tye, Susannah J.
AU - Kimble, Christopher J.
AU - Bennet, Kevin E.
AU - Garris, Paul A.
AU - Lee, Kendall H.
PY - 2010/9
Y1 - 2010/9
N2 - Object. The authors previously reported the development of the Wireless Instantaneous Neurotransmitter Concentration System (WINCS) for measuring dopamine and suggested that this technology may be useful for evaluating deep brain stimulation - related neuromodulatory effects on neurotransmitter systems. The WINCS supports fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at a carbon-fiber microelectrode (CFM) for real-time, spatially resolved neurotransmitter measurements. The FSCV parameters used to establish WINCS dopamine measurements are not suitable for serotonin, a neurotransmitter implicated in depression, because they lead to CFM fouling and a loss of sensitivity. Here, the authors incorporate into WINCS a previously described N-shaped waveform applied at a high scan rate to establish wireless serotonin monitoring. Methods. Optimized for the detection of serotonin, FSCV consisted of an N-shaped waveform scanned linearly from a resting potential of +0.2 to +1.0 V, then to -0.1 V and back to +0.2 V, at a rate of 1000 V/second. Proof-ofprinciple tests included flow injection analysis and electrically evoked serotonin release in the dorsal raphe nucleus of rat brain slices. Results. Flow cell injection analysis demonstrated that the N waveform, applied at a scan rate of 1000 V/second, significantly reduced serotonin fouling of the CFM, relative to that observed with FSCV parameters for dopamine. In brain slices, WINCS reliably detected subsecond serotonin release in the dorsal raphe nucleus evoked by local high-frequency stimulation. Conclusions. The authors found that WINCS supported high-fidelity wireless serotonin monitoring by FSCV at a CFM. In the future such measurements of serotonin in large animal models and in humans may help to establish the mechanism of deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disease.
AB - Object. The authors previously reported the development of the Wireless Instantaneous Neurotransmitter Concentration System (WINCS) for measuring dopamine and suggested that this technology may be useful for evaluating deep brain stimulation - related neuromodulatory effects on neurotransmitter systems. The WINCS supports fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at a carbon-fiber microelectrode (CFM) for real-time, spatially resolved neurotransmitter measurements. The FSCV parameters used to establish WINCS dopamine measurements are not suitable for serotonin, a neurotransmitter implicated in depression, because they lead to CFM fouling and a loss of sensitivity. Here, the authors incorporate into WINCS a previously described N-shaped waveform applied at a high scan rate to establish wireless serotonin monitoring. Methods. Optimized for the detection of serotonin, FSCV consisted of an N-shaped waveform scanned linearly from a resting potential of +0.2 to +1.0 V, then to -0.1 V and back to +0.2 V, at a rate of 1000 V/second. Proof-ofprinciple tests included flow injection analysis and electrically evoked serotonin release in the dorsal raphe nucleus of rat brain slices. Results. Flow cell injection analysis demonstrated that the N waveform, applied at a scan rate of 1000 V/second, significantly reduced serotonin fouling of the CFM, relative to that observed with FSCV parameters for dopamine. In brain slices, WINCS reliably detected subsecond serotonin release in the dorsal raphe nucleus evoked by local high-frequency stimulation. Conclusions. The authors found that WINCS supported high-fidelity wireless serotonin monitoring by FSCV at a CFM. In the future such measurements of serotonin in large animal models and in humans may help to establish the mechanism of deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disease.
KW - Deep brain stimulation
KW - Neuromodulation
KW - Neurotransmitter
KW - Serotonin
KW - Voltammetry
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=77956204516&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=77956204516&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3171/2010.3.JNS091627
DO - 10.3171/2010.3.JNS091627
M3 - Article
C2 - 20415521
AN - SCOPUS:77956204516
SN - 0022-3085
VL - 113
SP - 656
EP - 665
JO - Journal of neurosurgery
JF - Journal of neurosurgery
IS - 3
ER -