@inproceedings{f421bb65aa5540d9a8c9bc0e390c10ef,
title = "Wireless Instantaneous Neurotransmitter Concentration Sensing System (WINCS) for intraoperative neurochemical monitoring",
abstract = "The Wireless Instantaneous Neurotransmitter Concentration Sensing System (WINCS) measures extracellular neurotransmitter concentration in vivo and displays the data graphically in nearly real time. WINCS implements two electroanalytical methods, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) and fixed-potential amperometry (FPA), to measure neurotransmitter concentrations at an electrochemical sensor, typically a carbon-fiber microelectrode. WINCS comprises a battery-powered patient module and a custom software application (WINCSware) running on a nearby personal computer. The patient module impresses upon the electrochemical sensor either a constant potential (for FPA) or a time-varying waveform (for FSCV). A transimpedance amplifier converts the resulting current to a signal that is digitized and transmitted to the base station via a Bluetooth{\textregistered} radio link. WINCSware controls the operational parameters for FPA or FSCV, and records the transmitted data stream. Filtered data is displayed in various formats, including a background-subtracted plot of sequential FSCV scans - a representation that enables users to distinguish the signatures of various analytes with considerable specificity. Dopamine, glutamate, adenosine and serotonin were selected as analytes for test trials. Proof-of-principle tests included in vitro flow-injection measurements and in vivo measurements in rat and pig. Further testing demonstrated basic functionality in a 3-Tesla MRI unit. WINCS was designed in compliance with consensus standards for medical electrical device safety, and it is anticipated that its capability for real-time intraoperative monitoring of neurotransmitter release at an implanted sensor will prove useful for advancing functional neurosurgery.",
author = "Kimble, {Christopher J.} and Johnson, {David M.} and Winter, {Bruce A.} and Whitlock, {Sidney V.} and Kressin, {Kenneth R.} and Horne, {April E.} and Robinson, {Justin C.} and Bledsoe, {Jonathan M.} and Tye, {Susannah J.} and Chang, {Su Youne} and Filippo Agnesi and Griessenauer, {Christoph J.} and Daniel Covey and Shon, {Young Min} and Bennet, {Kevin E.} and Garris, {Paul A.} and Lee, {Kendall H.}",
year = "2009",
doi = "10.1109/IEMBS.2009.5332773",
language = "English (US)",
isbn = "9781424432967",
series = "Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society: Engineering the Future of Biomedicine, EMBC 2009",
publisher = "IEEE Computer Society",
pages = "4856--4859",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society",
note = "31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society: Engineering the Future of Biomedicine, EMBC 2009 ; Conference date: 02-09-2009 Through 06-09-2009",
}