Translational potential of tumor exosomes in diagnosis and therapy

Exosomes are endocytic-derived nanovesicles that are secreted by nearly all cell types in the body. Not only do exosomes contain important bioactive cargoes, but they also serve as direct cellular conduits by transporting these cargoes both proximally and distally to target cells. The horizontal exchange of cellular material mediated by exosomes has been shown to influence both normal physiology and disease states, such as cancer. Compelling evidence supports the role of exosomes in altering the tumor microenvironment, in promoting angiogenesis and immune modulation, and in establishing the premetastatic niche. Therefore, exosomes may not only provide a potential mechanistic link to tumor metastasis but could also be used as cancer biomarkers for diagnostic and therapeutic regimes.