Tissue factor and VEGF expression in prostate carcinoma: a tissue microarray study

Tissue factor (TF) is the principal physiologic initiator of coagulation. It also plays an important role in tumor growth and metastasis possibly by contributing to angiogenesis. We evaluated the expression of TF in benign and malignant prostate tissue and correlated it with the expression of the pro-angiogenic protein, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We used a tissue microarray (TMA) constructed from 80 archival prostatectomy specimens. Core samples were collected from benign prostate tissue (BP) (n = 77), high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) (n = 26), and carcinoma (PCa) (n = 93). TMA sections were stained with an im- munopurified polyclonal TF antibody and a rabbit polyclonal VEGF. Two pathologists manually scored staining in epithelial cells using the German Immunoreactive Score. Positive staining for TF was seen predominantly in PCa with rare positive glands in BP and PIN. TF expression was significantly lower in BP versus PCa specimens (p < .001) and in PIN versus PCa specimens (p < .001). Positive staining for VEGF was seen in PCa, BP, and PIN. Rates of VEGF expression were also significantly lower in BP versus PCa specimens (p = .003) but not in PCa versus PIN (p = .430). The majority of PCa samples positive for TF were also positive for VEGF (p < .001). Our findings reinforce the link between angiogenesis and TF expression in PCa. We suggest further exploration of TF-mediated pathways leading to increased tumor aggressiveness in PCa, and the possible use of anti-TF agents in PCa.