Temporal trends and outcomes of prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation and tracheostomy use in acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock in the United States

Background: There are limited data on prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and tracheostomy use in intubated acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock (AMI-CS) patients. Methods: Using the National Inpatient Sample, all admissions with AMI-CS requiring IMV between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2014, were included. Prolonged IMV was defined as IMV use >96 h. Outcomes of interest included temporal trends in use of prolonged IMV and tracheostomy, in-hospital mortality, and resource utilization. Results: In this 15-year period, 185,589 intubated AMI-CS admissions met the inclusion criteria. Prolonged IMV (>96 h) and tracheostomy use were noted in 68,544 (36.9%) and 10,645 (5.7%), respectively. Prolonged IMV and tracheostomy were used more commonly in younger patients. The cohort with prolonged IMV had higher organ failure and greater use of cardiac and non-cardiac organ support. Temporal trends showed a decline in prolonged IMV (adjusted odds ratio {aOR} 0.61 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.57–0.65]) and tracheostomy use (aOR 0.80 [95% CI 0.70–0.90]) in 2014 compared to 2000. Prolonged IMV (aOR 0.45 [95% CI 0.44–0.47]; p < 0.001) and tracheostomy (aOR 0.28 [95% CI 0.27–0.29]; p < 0.001) were associated with lower in-hospital mortality with a decreasing trend between 2000 and 2014 in intubated AMI-CS admissions. Patients with prolonged IMV and tracheostomy use had nearly three-fold higher health care costs, and four-fold longer hospital stays. Conclusions: In this cohort of intubated AMI-CS admissions, prolonged IMV and tracheostomy showed a temporal decrease between 2000 and 2014. Prolonged IMV and tracheostomy use was associated with high resource utilization.