TY - JOUR
T1 - Sleep Apnea
T2 - Types, Mechanisms, and Clinical Cardiovascular Consequences
AU - Javaheri, Shahrokh
AU - Barbe, Ferran
AU - Campos-Rodriguez, Francisco
AU - Dempsey, Jerome A.
AU - Khayat, Rami
AU - Javaheri, Sogol
AU - Malhotra, Atul
AU - Martinez-Garcia, Miguel A.
AU - Mehra, Reena
AU - Pack, Allan I.
AU - Polotsky, Vsevolod Y.
AU - Redline, Susan
AU - Somers, Virend K.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 American College of Cardiology Foundation
PY - 2017/2/21
Y1 - 2017/2/21
N2 - Sleep apnea is highly prevalent in patients with cardiovascular disease. These disordered breathing events are associated with a profile of perturbations that include intermittent hypoxia, oxidative stress, sympathetic activation, and endothelial dysfunction, all of which are critical mediators of cardiovascular disease. Evidence supports a causal association of sleep apnea with the incidence and morbidity of hypertension, coronary heart disease, arrhythmia, heart failure, and stroke. Several discoveries in the pathogenesis, along with developments in the treatment of sleep apnea, have accumulated in recent years. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of sleep apnea, the evidence that addresses the links between sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease, and research that has addressed the effect of sleep apnea treatment on cardiovascular disease and clinical endpoints. Finally, we review the recent development in sleep apnea treatment options, with special consideration of treating patients with heart disease. Future directions for selective areas are suggested.
AB - Sleep apnea is highly prevalent in patients with cardiovascular disease. These disordered breathing events are associated with a profile of perturbations that include intermittent hypoxia, oxidative stress, sympathetic activation, and endothelial dysfunction, all of which are critical mediators of cardiovascular disease. Evidence supports a causal association of sleep apnea with the incidence and morbidity of hypertension, coronary heart disease, arrhythmia, heart failure, and stroke. Several discoveries in the pathogenesis, along with developments in the treatment of sleep apnea, have accumulated in recent years. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of sleep apnea, the evidence that addresses the links between sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease, and research that has addressed the effect of sleep apnea treatment on cardiovascular disease and clinical endpoints. Finally, we review the recent development in sleep apnea treatment options, with special consideration of treating patients with heart disease. Future directions for selective areas are suggested.
KW - central sleep apnea
KW - hypertension
KW - obstructive sleep apnea
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85012952342&partnerID=8YFLogxK
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U2 - 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.069
DO - 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.069
M3 - Review article
C2 - 28209226
AN - SCOPUS:85012952342
SN - 0735-1097
VL - 69
SP - 841
EP - 858
JO - Journal of the American College of Cardiology
JF - Journal of the American College of Cardiology
IS - 7
ER -