Sex/gender medicine - The biological basis for personalized care in cardiovascular medicine

Faisal A. Arain, Fatima H. Kuniyoshi, Ahmed D. Abdalrhim, Virginia M. Miller

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

60 Scopus citations

Abstract

Sex differences in morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular disease have been recognized by the medical community for decades. Investigation into the underlying biological basis of these differences was largely neglected by the scientific community until a report released by the Institute of Medicine in the United States in 2001 "Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health: Does Sex Matter?" Recommendations from this report included the need for more accurate use of the terms "sex" and "gender", better tools and resources to study the biological basis of sex differences, integration of findings from different levels of biological organization and continued synergy between basic and clinical researchers. Ten years after the Institute's report, this review evaluates some of the sex differences in cardiovascular disease, reviews new approaches to study sex differences and emphasizes areas where further research is required. In the era of personalized medicine, the study of the biological basis of sex differences promises to optimize preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular disease in men and women, but will require diligence by the scientific and medical communities to remember that sex does matter.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)1774-1782
Number of pages9
JournalCirculation Journal
Volume73
Issue number10
DOIs
StatePublished - Oct 2009

Keywords

  • Atherosclerosis
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Heart failure
  • Hypertension

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine

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