@article{da4623d1db284b9f91c804c7249d5178,
title = "Sex differences in csf biomarkers for neurodegeneration and blood-brain barrier integrity",
abstract = "Introduction: As cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurofilament light protein (NfL) and the CSF/serum albumin ratio (QAlb ) are used in the clinical routine, the impact of demographic factors on these biomarkers is important to understand. Methods: Participants were derived from two Swedish samples: the population-based H70 Study (n = 308, age 70) and a clinical routine cohort (CSF NfL, n = 8995, QAlb, n = 39252, age 0 to 95). In the population-based study, QAlb and NfL were examined in relation to sex, cardiovascular risk factors, and cerebral white matter lesions (WMLs). In the clinical cohort, QAlb and NfL sex differences were tested in relation to age. Results: Men had higher QAlb and NfL concentrations and had higher QAlb and NfL concentrations from adolescence throughout life. NfL was not related to WML, but QAlb correlated positively with WMLs. Discussion: The CSF NfL sex difference could not be explained by vascular pathology. Future studies should consider using different reference limits for men and women.",
keywords = "Albumin ratio, Blood-brain barrier integrity, CSF biomarkers, Neurofilament light, Sex differences",
author = "Tobias Skillb{\"a}ck and Kaj Blennow and Henrik Zetterberg and Sara Shams and Alejandra Machado and Joana Pereira and Olof Lindberg and Mielke, {Michelle M.} and Anna Zettergren and Lina Ryden and Eric Westman and Wahlund, {Lars Olof} and Ingmar Skoog and Silke Kern",
note = "Funding Information: KB holds the Torsten S{\"o}derberg Professorship in Medicine at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and is supported by the Swedish Research Council (#2017-00915), the Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (#AF-742881), and Hj{\"a}rnfonden, Sweden (#FO2017-0243). JBP is supported by the Swedish Research Council, Alzheimerfonden and Hj{\"a}rn-fonden. The study was financed by grants from the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils, the ALF-agreement (ALF 716681, ALFGBG-715986), The Swedish Research Council 2015-02830, 2013-8717, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Wellfare (2013-1202, 2018-00471, 2013-2300, 2013-2496, 2013-0475), Hj{\"a}rnfonden, Konung Gustaf V:s och Drottning Victorias Frimurarestiftelse, Alzheimerfonden, and Eivind och Elsa K:son Sylvans stiftelse. SK is supported by grants from the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils, the ALF-agreement (ALFGBG-81392, ALF GBG-771071). The Alzheimerfonden (AF-842471, AF-737641), The Swedish Research Council (2019-02075) Stiftelsen Demens-fonden, Stiftelsen Hjalmar Svenssons Forskningsfond, Stiftelsen Wilhelm och Martina Lundgrens vetenskapsfond. Funding Information: HZ is a Wallenberg Academy Fellow supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council (#2018-02532), the European Research Council (#681712), the Swedish Brain Foundation (FO2019-0228), and Swedish State Support for Clinical Research (#ALFGBG-720931). KB holds the Torsten S?derberg Professorship in Medicine at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and is supported by the Swedish Research Council (#2017-00915), the Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (#AF-742881), and Hj?rnfonden, Sweden (#FO2017-0243). JBP is supported by the Swedish Research Council, Alzheimerfonden and Hj?rnfonden. The study was financed by grants from the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils, the ALF-agreement (ALF 716681, ALFGBG-715986), The Swedish Research Council 2015-02830, 2013-8717, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Wellfare (2013-1202, 2018-00471, 2013-2300, 2013-2496, 2013-0475), Hj?rnfonden, Konung Gustaf V:s och Drottning Victorias Frimurarestiftelse, Alzheimerfonden, and Eivind och Elsa K:son Sylvans stiftelse. SK is supported by grants from the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils, the ALF-agreement (ALFGBG-81392, ALF GBG-771071). The Alzheimerfonden (AF-842471, AF-737641), The Swedish Research Council (2019-02075) Stiftelsen Demensfonden, Stiftelsen Hjalmar Svenssons Forskningsfond, Stiftelsen Wilhelm och Martina Lundgrens vetenskapsfond. Funding Information: HZ is a Wallenberg Academy Fellow supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council (#2018-02532), the European Research Council (#681712), the Swedish Brain Foundation (FO2019-0228), and Swedish State Support for Clinical Research (#ALFGBG-720931). Funding Information: HZ has served at scientific advisory boards for Roche Diagnostics, Wave, CogRx, and Samumed, and has given lectures in symposia sponsored by Biogen and Alzecure and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB, a GU Ventures-based platform company at the University of Gothenburg (all outside submitted work). KB has served as a consultant or at advisory boards for Alector, Biogen, CogRx, Lilly, MagQu, Novartis, and Roche Diagnostics, and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB, a GU Venture-based platform company at the University of Gothenburg, all unrelated to the work presented in this article. MMM has received unrestricted research grants from Biogen and Lundbeck unrelated to the work presented in this article. IS has served as a speaker for Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited outside of this submitted work. TS, SS, AM, JP, OL, AZ, LR, EW, LW, and SS report no disclosures. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 The Authors.",
year = "2021",
doi = "10.1002/dad2.12141",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "13",
journal = "Alzheimer's and Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment and Disease Monitoring",
issn = "2352-8729",
publisher = "Elsevier BV",
number = "1",
}