Severe heart failure in the setting of relatively mild mitral stenosis: The role of invasive hemodynamic assessment

For patients with heart failure and relatively mild mitral stenosis, an exercise hemodynamic study should be considered. However, exercise intolerance is a common symptom in a variety of cardiac and noncardiac diseases, emphasizing the need for a thorough differential diagnosis in the planning and execution of these studies. This manuscript discusses two cases that illustrate the need for this comprehensive approach, the indications for balloon mitral valvuloplasty, and the recognition of diastolic dysfunction in these patients.