TY - JOUR
T1 - Risk Factors for CKD in Persons With Kidney Stones
T2 - A Case-Control Study in Olmsted County, Minnesota
AU - Saucier, Nathan A.
AU - Sinha, Mukesh K.
AU - Liang, Kelly V.
AU - Krambeck, Amy E.
AU - Weaver, Amy L.
AU - Bergstralh, Eric J.
AU - Li, Xujian
AU - Rule, Andrew D.
AU - Lieske, John C.
N1 - Funding Information:
Support: This project was supported by research grants (P50 DK083007, DK77321, and DK78229) from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (National Institutes of Health [NIH]) and grant R01 AR30582 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIH).
PY - 2010/1
Y1 - 2010/1
N2 - Background: Kidney stones are associated with increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, risk factors in the general community are poorly defined. Study Design: A nested case-control study was performed in residents of Olmsted County, MN, who presented with a kidney stone at the Mayo Clinic in 1980-1994 to contrast patients with kidney stones who developed CKD with a group that did not. Setting & Participants: Participants were selected from the Rochester Epidemiology Project, an electronic linkage system among health care providers in Olmsted County, MN. Cases were identified by diagnostic code for CKD and confirmed to have an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Controls were matched 2:1 to cases for age, sex, date of first kidney stone, and length of medical record. Predictor: Charts were abstracted to characterize stone disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, tobacco use, ileal conduit, symptomatic stones, type and number of stones, urinary tract infections, number and type of surgical procedures, and medical therapy. Outcomes & Measurements: Kidney stone patients with CKD were compared with matched stone patients without CKD. Results: There were 53 cases and 106 controls with a mean age of 57 years at first stone event and 59% men. In kidney stone patients, cases with CKD were significantly more likely (P < 0.05) than controls to have had a history of diabetes (41.5% vs 17.0%), hypertension (71.7% vs 49.1%), frequent urinary tract infections (22.6% vs 6.6%), struvite stones (7.5% vs 0%), and allopurinol use (32.1% vs 4.7%) based on univariate analysis. Limitations: Potential limitations include limited statistical power to detect associations, incomplete data from 24-hour urine studies, and that stone composition was not always available. Conclusion: As in the general population, hypertension and diabetes are associated with increased risk of CKD in patients with kidney stones. However, other unique predictors were identified in patients with kidney stones that increased the possibility of CKD. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the nature of these associations.
AB - Background: Kidney stones are associated with increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, risk factors in the general community are poorly defined. Study Design: A nested case-control study was performed in residents of Olmsted County, MN, who presented with a kidney stone at the Mayo Clinic in 1980-1994 to contrast patients with kidney stones who developed CKD with a group that did not. Setting & Participants: Participants were selected from the Rochester Epidemiology Project, an electronic linkage system among health care providers in Olmsted County, MN. Cases were identified by diagnostic code for CKD and confirmed to have an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Controls were matched 2:1 to cases for age, sex, date of first kidney stone, and length of medical record. Predictor: Charts were abstracted to characterize stone disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, tobacco use, ileal conduit, symptomatic stones, type and number of stones, urinary tract infections, number and type of surgical procedures, and medical therapy. Outcomes & Measurements: Kidney stone patients with CKD were compared with matched stone patients without CKD. Results: There were 53 cases and 106 controls with a mean age of 57 years at first stone event and 59% men. In kidney stone patients, cases with CKD were significantly more likely (P < 0.05) than controls to have had a history of diabetes (41.5% vs 17.0%), hypertension (71.7% vs 49.1%), frequent urinary tract infections (22.6% vs 6.6%), struvite stones (7.5% vs 0%), and allopurinol use (32.1% vs 4.7%) based on univariate analysis. Limitations: Potential limitations include limited statistical power to detect associations, incomplete data from 24-hour urine studies, and that stone composition was not always available. Conclusion: As in the general population, hypertension and diabetes are associated with increased risk of CKD in patients with kidney stones. However, other unique predictors were identified in patients with kidney stones that increased the possibility of CKD. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the nature of these associations.
KW - Nephrolithiasis
KW - chronic kidney disease
KW - kidney stone
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=71849085182&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=71849085182&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.08.008
DO - 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.08.008
M3 - Article
C2 - 19853335
AN - SCOPUS:71849085182
SN - 0272-6386
VL - 55
SP - 61
EP - 68
JO - American Journal of Kidney Diseases
JF - American Journal of Kidney Diseases
IS - 1
ER -