Risk Factors and Wellness Measures Associated with Prediabetes and Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Hispanic Adults

Background: To characterize the associations of clinical risk factors, lifestyle factors, and wellness measures with prediabetes and new type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnosis in Hispanic adults and guide primary prevention. Methods: Sangre Por Salud Biobank enrolled 3733 Hispanic adults from Phoenix, AZ, United States, from 2013 to 2018. This analysis included participants with euglycemia, prediabetes, or new T2DM diagnosis (i.e., no prior T2DM diagnosis) at enrollment. Participants completed a baseline questionnaire on cardiometabolic risk factors and wellness measures and provided biometric measurements. The associations of factors and measures with odds (95% confidence interval) of prediabetes and new T2DM diagnosis were analyzed in logistic regression models. Results: Among 3299 participants with euglycemia (n = 1301), prediabetes (n = 1718), and new T2DM diagnosis (n = 280) at enrollment, 72% were women (n = 2376/3299). In adjusted models, most cardiometabolic risk factors were positively associated with prediabetes and new T2DM diagnosis, with stronger associations for new T2DM diagnosis. Obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 vs. lower) was associated with higher odds of new T2DM diagnosis (3.14 [2.30-4.28]; P < 0.01) than prediabetes versus euglycemia (1.96 [1.66-2.32]; P < 0.01) and Interaction (P = 0.01). Similarly, waist circumference, family history of diabetes, and average systolic and diastolic blood pressure were associated with higher odds of new T2DM diagnosis versus euglycemia than prediabetes versus euglycemia. Using stepwise logistic regression modeling, a parsimonious model of age, family history of diabetes, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, passive tobacco exposure, and self-rated general health were associated with new T2DM diagnosis versus euglycemia. Conclusions: In Hispanic adults, modifiable cardiometabolic and lifestyle factors were associated with prediabetes and new T2DM diagnosis. Personalized interventions targeting these factors and measures could guide T2DM primary prevention efforts among Hispanic adults.