TY - JOUR
T1 - Relationship between sunlight and the age of onset of bipolar disorder
T2 - An international multisite study
AU - Bauer, Michael
AU - Glenn, Tasha
AU - Alda, Martin
AU - Andreassen, Ole A.
AU - Angelopoulos, Elias
AU - Ardau, Raffaella
AU - Baethge, Christopher
AU - Bauer, Rita
AU - Bellivier, Frank
AU - Belmaker, Robert H.
AU - Berk, Michael
AU - Bjella, Thomas D.
AU - Bossini, Letizia
AU - Bersudsky, Yuly
AU - Cheung, Eric Yat Wo
AU - Conell, Jörn
AU - Zompo, Maria Del
AU - Dodd, Seetal
AU - Etain, Bruno
AU - Fagiolini, Andrea
AU - Frye, Mark A.
AU - Fountoulakis, Kostas N.
AU - Garneau-Fournier, Jade
AU - González-Pinto, Ana
AU - Harima, Hirohiko
AU - Hassel, Stefanie
AU - Henry, Chantal
AU - Iacovides, Apostolos
AU - Isometsä, Erkki T.
AU - Kapczinski, Flávio
AU - Kliwicki, Sebastian
AU - König, Barbara
AU - Krogh, Rikke
AU - Kunz, Mauricio
AU - Lafer, Beny
AU - Larsen, Erik R.
AU - Lewitzka, Ute
AU - Lopez-Jaramillo, Carlos
AU - Macqueen, Glenda
AU - Manchia, Mirko
AU - Marsh, Wendy
AU - Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, Mónica
AU - Melle, Ingrid
AU - Monteith, Scott
AU - Morken, Gunnar
AU - Munoz, Rodrigo
AU - Nery, Fabiano G.
AU - O'Donovan, Claire
AU - Osher, Yamima
AU - Pfennig, Andrea
AU - Quiroz, Danilo
AU - Ramesar, Raj
AU - Rasgon, Natalie
AU - Reif, Andreas
AU - Ritter, Philipp
AU - Rybakowski, Janusz K.
AU - Sagduyu, Kemal
AU - Scippa, Ângela M.
AU - Severus, Emanuel
AU - Simhandl, Christian
AU - Stein, Dan J.
AU - Strejilevich, Sergio
AU - Hatim Sulaiman, Ahmad
AU - Suominen, Kirsi
AU - Tagata, Hiromi
AU - Tatebayashi, Yoshitaka
AU - Torrent, Carla
AU - Vieta, Eduard
AU - Viswanath, Biju
AU - Wanchoo, Mihir J.
AU - Zetin, Mark
AU - Whybrow, Peter C.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was funded in part by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MA, Grant number 64410 ); the Research Council of Norway (OAA Grant numbers 213837 ; 223273 ; 217776 ); South-East Norway Health Authority (OAA, Grant number 2013-123 ); a NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship (M Berk, Grant number 1059660 ; INSERM (BE, Grant number C0829 ) and APHP (BE, Grant number AOR11096 ); the Spanish Government (AGP, Grant numbers PS09/02002 CIBER Network ; EC10-333 , PI10/01430 , PI10/01746 , PI11/01977 , PI11/02708 , 2011/1064 , 11-BI-01 , 1677-DJ-030 , EC10-220 ); European Regional Development Funds (Grant numbers UE/2012/FI-STAR, UE/2013/TENDERMH, UE/2013/MASTERMIND), grants from Spanish Government (Grant numbers PI10/01430, PI10/01746, EC10-220, EC10-333, PI11/01977, 20111064, PI11/02708, PI12/02077, PI13/02252, PI13/00451), local grants from the Basque Government (Grant numbers 200911147, 2010111170, 2010112009, 2011111110, 2011111113); the Basque Foundation for Health Innovation and Research (Grant number BIO12/AL/002); the Spanish Clinical Research Network (Grant numbers CAIBER;1392-D-079) and the University of the Basque Country (Grant number IT679-13); Stanley Research Foundation (Grant number 03-RC-003); the Research Council of Norway (IM, Grant numbers ES488722 , ES421716 ); the Regional Health Authority of South Eastern Norway (IM, Grants number 2011085 , 2013088 ); DFG (AR, Grant numbers SFB TRR 58 , B06 , Z02 ); the DFG and Länder funds (AR, Grant number RTG1252/2 ); Medical Research Council of South Africa (DJS) ; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (EV, Grants number PI12/00912 , PN 2008-2011 ); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III -Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación (EV); Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional Unión Europea . Una manera de hacer Europa (EV); CIBERSAM (EV); the Comissionat per a Universitats i Recerca del DIUE de la Generalitat de Catalunya to the Bipolar Disorders Group (EV, Grant number 2009 SGR 1022 ). MB, EA, RA, CB, FB, RB, RHB, TDB, LB, YB, EYWC, MDZ, SD, AF, MAF, KNF, JGF, TG, HH, SH, CH, AI, ETI, FK, SK, BK, RK, MK, BL, ERL, CLJ, UL, GM, MM, WM, SM, RM, FGN, CO, YO, AP, DQ, RR, NR, PR, JKR, KS, AMS, ES, CS, SS, AHS, KS, HT, YT, CT, BV, MJW, MZ and PCW have no specific funding to acknowledge. The funding sources had no involvement in the study design, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, in writing the report, and in the decision to submit for publication.
PY - 2014/10/1
Y1 - 2014/10/1
N2 - Background The onset of bipolar disorder is influenced by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. We previously found that a large increase in sunlight in springtime was associated with a lower age of onset. This study extends this analysis with more collection sites at diverse locations, and includes family history and polarity of first episode. Methods Data from 4037 patients with bipolar I disorder were collected at 36 collection sites in 23 countries at latitudes spanning 3.2 north (N) to 63.4 N and 38.2 south (S) of the equator. The age of onset of the first episode, onset location, family history of mood disorders, and polarity of first episode were obtained retrospectively, from patient records and/or direct interview. Solar insolation data were obtained for the onset locations. Results There was a large, significant inverse relationship between maximum monthly increase in solar insolation and age of onset, controlling for the country median age and the birth cohort. The effect was reduced by half if there was no family history. The maximum monthly increase in solar insolation occurred in springtime. The effect was one-third smaller for initial episodes of mania than depression. The largest maximum monthly increase in solar insolation occurred in northern latitudes such as Oslo, Norway, and warm and dry areas such as Los Angeles, California. Limitations Recall bias for onset and family history data. Conclusions A large springtime increase in sunlight may have an important influence on the onset of bipolar disorder, especially in those with a family history of mood disorders.
AB - Background The onset of bipolar disorder is influenced by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. We previously found that a large increase in sunlight in springtime was associated with a lower age of onset. This study extends this analysis with more collection sites at diverse locations, and includes family history and polarity of first episode. Methods Data from 4037 patients with bipolar I disorder were collected at 36 collection sites in 23 countries at latitudes spanning 3.2 north (N) to 63.4 N and 38.2 south (S) of the equator. The age of onset of the first episode, onset location, family history of mood disorders, and polarity of first episode were obtained retrospectively, from patient records and/or direct interview. Solar insolation data were obtained for the onset locations. Results There was a large, significant inverse relationship between maximum monthly increase in solar insolation and age of onset, controlling for the country median age and the birth cohort. The effect was reduced by half if there was no family history. The maximum monthly increase in solar insolation occurred in springtime. The effect was one-third smaller for initial episodes of mania than depression. The largest maximum monthly increase in solar insolation occurred in northern latitudes such as Oslo, Norway, and warm and dry areas such as Los Angeles, California. Limitations Recall bias for onset and family history data. Conclusions A large springtime increase in sunlight may have an important influence on the onset of bipolar disorder, especially in those with a family history of mood disorders.
KW - Age of onset
KW - Bipolar disorder
KW - Insolation
KW - Sunlight
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84903157914&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84903157914&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.032
DO - 10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.032
M3 - Article
C2 - 24953482
AN - SCOPUS:84903157914
SN - 0165-0327
VL - 167
SP - 104
EP - 111
JO - Journal of Affective Disorders
JF - Journal of Affective Disorders
ER -