TY - CHAP
T1 - Patch Clamp Technology for Focused Ultrasonic (FUS) Neuromodulation
AU - Kim, Eun Sok
AU - Chang, Su youne
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
PY - 2022
Y1 - 2022
N2 - Electrical stimulation of neural tissue, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) and cortical stimulation, is widely applied therapeutic neuromodulation techniques for neurologic disorders. Penetrating electrodes (e.g., microwires and silicon probes) for DBS provide high spatial resolution, but are invasive, displacing neural tissue, producing acute insertion trauma, and potentially eliciting a foreign-body response. Surface electrodes, while less invasive, cannot generate a highly localized electrical field. Motivated by these limitations, the goal of this chapter is to provide a protocol to run patch clamp experiments on rat brain slices with a focused ultrasonic transducer that offers minimally invasive and highly localized neuronal stimulation (and that is thin enough to let light to pass through for optical observation of neuron cells for patching). Though focused acoustic beams with high energy are traditionally used for cellular ablation, the goal here is to use low acoustic energy to avoid any ablation or lesion, exploiting the unprecedented features of self-focusing acoustic transducers (SFATs) that can focus 2–20 MHz sound waves at a submillimeter-sized area. The experimental procedures described here will allow intracellular and extracellular experiments to determine the value and underlying mechanisms of neuromodulation effects induced by SFAT-based ultrasonic stimulation. The aims of this protocol are (1) to fabricate SFATs for the proposed intracellular and extracellular experiments and (2) to characterize the neuromodulatory function evoked by SFAT-based ultrasound stimulation in normal brain slices. Using patch clamp methods, one can monitor ionic flux and local field potentials, while varying the acoustic stimulation frequency, intensity, pulse width, pulse shape and pulse repetition frequency as well as the focal spot(s), focal size and force direction. The patch clamp experiments will provide insights into biologic mechanisms of ultrasonic neural stimulation, and could be a critical step toward the development of a minimally invasive alternative to neuromodulation by electrical stimulation in the treatment of neurologic disorders such as epilepsy. If the underlying mechanisms of ultrasonic neural stimulation are well understood, a transcranial focused ultrasound beam can possibly modulate pathological neural activities, without surgery, running wire, or any damaging effects from penetrating probe.
AB - Electrical stimulation of neural tissue, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) and cortical stimulation, is widely applied therapeutic neuromodulation techniques for neurologic disorders. Penetrating electrodes (e.g., microwires and silicon probes) for DBS provide high spatial resolution, but are invasive, displacing neural tissue, producing acute insertion trauma, and potentially eliciting a foreign-body response. Surface electrodes, while less invasive, cannot generate a highly localized electrical field. Motivated by these limitations, the goal of this chapter is to provide a protocol to run patch clamp experiments on rat brain slices with a focused ultrasonic transducer that offers minimally invasive and highly localized neuronal stimulation (and that is thin enough to let light to pass through for optical observation of neuron cells for patching). Though focused acoustic beams with high energy are traditionally used for cellular ablation, the goal here is to use low acoustic energy to avoid any ablation or lesion, exploiting the unprecedented features of self-focusing acoustic transducers (SFATs) that can focus 2–20 MHz sound waves at a submillimeter-sized area. The experimental procedures described here will allow intracellular and extracellular experiments to determine the value and underlying mechanisms of neuromodulation effects induced by SFAT-based ultrasonic stimulation. The aims of this protocol are (1) to fabricate SFATs for the proposed intracellular and extracellular experiments and (2) to characterize the neuromodulatory function evoked by SFAT-based ultrasound stimulation in normal brain slices. Using patch clamp methods, one can monitor ionic flux and local field potentials, while varying the acoustic stimulation frequency, intensity, pulse width, pulse shape and pulse repetition frequency as well as the focal spot(s), focal size and force direction. The patch clamp experiments will provide insights into biologic mechanisms of ultrasonic neural stimulation, and could be a critical step toward the development of a minimally invasive alternative to neuromodulation by electrical stimulation in the treatment of neurologic disorders such as epilepsy. If the underlying mechanisms of ultrasonic neural stimulation are well understood, a transcranial focused ultrasound beam can possibly modulate pathological neural activities, without surgery, running wire, or any damaging effects from penetrating probe.
KW - Focused ultrasound
KW - Patch clamp
KW - Rat brain slice
KW - Self-focusing acoustic transducer
KW - Ultrasonic neural stimulation
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85120657754&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85120657754&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/978-1-0716-1803-5_35
DO - 10.1007/978-1-0716-1803-5_35
M3 - Chapter
C2 - 34837205
AN - SCOPUS:85120657754
T3 - Methods in Molecular Biology
SP - 657
EP - 670
BT - Methods in Molecular Biology
PB - Humana Press Inc.
ER -