Paravalvular leak repair after balloon-expandable transcatheter mitral valve implantation in mitral annular calcification: Early experience and lessons learned

Background: Treatment of hemodynamically significant mitral annular calcification (MAC) using transcatheter approaches is in the early learning phase. The occurrence of paravalvular leak (PVL) following transcatheter mitral valve in MAC is common. Aims: To report the initial experience and techniques of percutaneous PVL closure after transcatheter valve in MAC. Methods: This series includes five consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous PVL closure following transcatheter balloon expandable SAPIEN S3 valve in MAC. Results: Mean patient age was 73.6 ± 5.4 years (4 [80%] female), with average Society of Thoracic Surgeons score of 8.1 ± 2.8%. Three patients had a single PVL defect while two patients had two defects; all were located at the commissural sites. Closure was performed primarily for heart failure in four patients and hemolytic anemia in one patient. Transfemoral transseptal antegrade approach and Amplatz Vascular Plug (AVP)-II occluders were utilized in all patients. Procedure success was achieved in three patients. One patient developed significant occluder related leaflet impingement and subsequent severe prosthetic mitral regurgitation requiring a second transcatheter mitral valve in valve implantation. The procedure was aborted in one patient due to difficulty crossing PVL defect after balloon post-dilatation of SAPIEN prosthesis with 10 mL of additional volume. There was no in hospital or 30 day mortality or the need for emergent surgery. Conclusion: Early experience with percutaneous PVL closure of SAPIEN valve in MAC demonstrated feasibility of this approach. Careful procedure planning and monitoring for SAPIEN prosthesis leaflet impingement and frame instability is of utmost importance to increase the chances of procedural success.