Minimizing radiation exposure in minimally invasive spine surgery: Lessons learned from neuroendovascular surgery

In parallel with advances in minimally invasive spinal techniques and endovascular neurosurgical procedures, radiation use for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes has increased. Concerns have been raised about radiation side effects and long-term complications, particularly in the operator and exposed personnel. Radiation use during procedures has increased in conjunction with an increase in minimally invasive image-guided surgery. In this review, the current literature regarding risks of radiation exposure to the personnel involved in radiation-based procedures and strategies to reduce these risks are summarized. Current standards in radiation risk reduction and specific techniques that can minimize radiation exposure are also discussed.