@article{015348bb1b3e4d8b985b9cb68896febf,
title = "Membrane raft association of the Vpu protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 correlates with enhanced virus release",
abstract = "The Vpu protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is known to enhance virion release from certain cell types. To accomplish this function, Vpu interacts with the restriction factor known as bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST-2)/tetherin. In this study, we analyzed whether the Vpu protein is associated with microdomains known as lipid or membrane rafts. Our results indicate that Vpu partially partitions into detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) fractions when expressed alone or in the context of simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infection. The ability to be partitioned into rafts was observed with both subtype B and C Vpu proteins. The use of cholesterol lowering lovastatin/M-β-cyclodextrin and co-patching experiments confirmed that Vpu can be detected in cholesterol rich regions of membranes. Finally, we present data showing that raft association-defective transmembrane mutants of Vpu have impaired enhanced virus release function, but still maintain the ability to down-regulate CD4.",
keywords = "CD4 down-regulation, HIV-1, Lipid rafts, Membrane rafts, Virus release, Vpu",
author = "Autumn Ruiz and Hill, {M. Sarah} and Kimberly Schmitt and Stephens, {Edward B.}",
note = "Funding Information: The work reported here is supported by NIH grant AI51981 and AI091586 to E.B.S. We thank members of the KUMC Biotechnology Support Facility and Northwestern University for their assistance with the sequence analysis and oligonucleotide synthesis. The following reagents were obtained through the AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program, Division of AIDS, NIAID, NIH: anti-Bst-2 (cat# 11722) from Drs. Klaus Strebel and Amy Andrew; and TZM-bl from Dr. John C. Kappes, Dr. Xiaoyun Wu and Tranzyme Inc.; the pcDNAVphu (catalog #10076) from Drs. Stephen Bour and Klaus Strebel; the HeLaCD4+ cells (catalog # 154) from Dr. Richard Axel. We thank the laboratory of Dr. Akira Ono at the University of Michigan for the YFP-GPI (originally by Kai Simons, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany) and NFP-GPI constructed by Ian Hogue in Dr. Ono's laboratory. Copyright: Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.",
year = "2010",
month = dec,
day = "5",
doi = "10.1016/j.virol.2010.08.031",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "408",
pages = "89--102",
journal = "Virology",
issn = "0042-6822",
publisher = "Academic Press Inc.",
number = "1",
}