Long-term Outcomes of Salvage Lymph Node Dissection for Nodal Recurrence of Prostate Cancer After Radical Prostatectomy: Not as Good as Previously Thought

Carlo A. Bravi, Nicola Fossati, Giorgio Gandaglia, Nazareno Suardi, Elio Mazzone, Daniele Robesti, Daniar Osmonov, Klaus Peter Juenemann, Luca Boeri, R. Jeffrey Karnes, Alexander Kretschmer, Alexander Buchner, Christian Stief, Andreas Hiester, Alessandro Nini, Peter Albers, Gaëtan Devos, Steven Joniau, Hendrik Van Poppel, Shahrokh F. ShariatAxel Heidenreich, David Pfister, Derya Tilki, Markus Graefen, Inderbir S. Gill, Alexander Mottrie, Pierre I. Karakiewicz, Francesco Montorsi, Alberto Briganti

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

13 Scopus citations

Abstract

Background: Long-term outcomes of patients treated with salvage lymph node dissection (sLND) for nodal recurrence of prostate cancer (PCa) remain unknown. Objective: To investigate long-term oncological outcomes after sLND in a large multi-institutional series. Design, setting, and participants: The study included 189 patients who experienced prostate-specific antigen (PSA) rise and nodal-only recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP) and underwent sLND at 11 tertiary referral centers between 2002 and 2011. Lymph node recurrence was documented by positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scan using either 11C-choline or 68Ga prostate-specific membrane antigen ligand. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: The primary outcome of the study was cancer-specific mortality (CSM). The secondary outcomes were overall mortality, clinical recurrence (CR), biochemical recurrence (BCR), and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)-free survival after sLND. The probability of freedom from each outcome was calculated using Kaplan-Meier analyses. Cox regression analysis was used to predict the risk of prostate CSM after accounting for several parameters, including the use of additional treatments after sLND. Results and limitations: At long term, 110 and 163 patients experienced CR and BCR, respectively, with CR-free and BCR-free survival at 10 yr of 31% and 11%, respectively. After sLND, a total of 145 patients received ADT, with a median time to ADT of 41 mo. At a median (interquartile range) follow-up for survivors of 87 (51, 104) mo, 48 patients died. Of them, 45 died from PCa. The probabilities of freedom from cancer-specific and all-cause death at 10 yr were 66% and 64%, respectively. Similar results were obtained in sensitivity analyses in patients with pelvic-only positive PET/CT scan, as well as after excluding men on ADT at PET/CT scan and patients with PSA level at sLND higher than the 75th percentile. At multivariable analyses, patients who had PSA response after sLND (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.45; p = 0.001), and those receiving ADT within 6 mo from sLND (HR: 0.51; p = 0.010) had lower risk of death from PCa. Conclusions: A third of men treated with sLND for PET-detected nodal recurrence of PCa died at long term, with PCa being the main cause of death. Salvage LND alone was associated with durable long-term outcomes in a minority of men who significantly benefited from additional treatments after surgery. Taken together, all these data argue against the use of metastasis-directed therapy alone for patients with node-only recurrent PCa. These men should instead be considered at high risk of systemic dissemination already at the time of sLND. Patient summary: We assessed long-term outcomes of patients treated with salvage lymph node dissection (sLND) for node-recurrent prostate cancer (PCa). In contrast with prior evidence, we found that the majority of these men recurred after sLND and eventually died from PCa. A significant survival benefit associated with the administration of androgen deprivation therapy after sLND suggests that sLND should be considered part of a multimodal approach rather than an exclusive treatment strategy. At long-term follow-up, the majority of patients treated with salvage lymph node dissection (sLND) for node-recurrent prostate cancer (PCa) recurred and eventually died from PCa. We found a significant survival benefit associated with the administration of androgen deprivation therapy after sLND, suggesting that sLND should be considered part of a multimodal approach rather than an exclusive treatment strategy.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)661-669
Number of pages9
JournalEuropean urology
Volume78
Issue number5
DOIs
StatePublished - Nov 2020

Keywords

  • Androgen deprivation therapy
  • Metastasis-directed therapy
  • Neoplasm recurrence
  • Positron emission tomography scan
  • Prostate cancer
  • Salvage lymph node dissection

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Urology

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