@article{9fa5b3057e234c5c8c2078e33823c4c2,
title = "Lessons from KEEPS: the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study",
abstract = "The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS) was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial designed to determine the effects of hormone treatments (menopausal hormone treatments [MHTs]) on the progression of carotid intima-medial thickness (CIMT) in recently menopausal women. Participants less than 3 years from menopause and without a history of overt cardiovascular disease (CVD), defined as no clinical CVD events and coronary artery calcium < 50 Agatston units, received either oral conjugated equine estrogens (0.45 mg/day) or transdermal 17β-estradiol (50 µg/day), both with progesterone (200 mg/day for 12 days/month), or placebo pills and patches for 4 years. Although MHT did not decrease the age-related increase in CIMT, KEEPS provided other important insights about MHT effects. Both MHTs versus placebo reduced the severity of menopausal symptoms and maintained bone density, but differed in efficacy regarding mood/anxiety, sleep, sexual function, and deposition of β-amyloid in the brain. Additionally, genetic variants in enzymes for metabolism and uptake of estrogen affected the efficacy of MHT for some aspects of symptom relief. KEEPS provides important information for use of MHT in clinical practice, including type, dose, and mode of delivery of MHT recently after menopause, and how genetic variants in hormone metabolism may affect MHT efficacy on specific outcomes.",
keywords = "Conjugated equine estrogens, estradiol, hormone treatments, menopause",
author = "Miller, {V. M.} and Taylor, {H. S.} and F. Naftolin and Manson, {J. E.} and Gleason, {C. E.} and Brinton, {E. A.} and Kling, {J. M.} and Cedars, {M. I.} and Dowling, {N. M.} and K. Kantarci and Harman, {S. M.}",
note = "Funding Information: The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study was funded by grants from the Aurora Foundation to the Kronos Longevity Research Institute; National Institutes of Health [HL90639], [P50 AG44170] to V.M.M., [RF1 AG057547], [R21 NS066147] to K.K.; Mayo Foundation and Mayo Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) [UL1 RR024150]; Harvard Medical School Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) [UL1 RR024139]; National Center for Research Resources UCSF CTSA [UL1 RR024131]; Veterans Health Administration of the US Department of Veterans Affairs. F.N. received support from Pfizer, Inc., for assistance with hormone measurement. The authors gratefully acknowledge the dedicated efforts of all the investigators and staff at the KEEPS clinical centers, the KEEPS Data Coordinating Center at Kronos Longevity Research Instititute, and the National Institutes of Health institutes supporting ancillary studies. Above all, they recognize and thank the KEEPS participants for their dedication and commitment to the KEEPS research program. The manuscript{\textquoteright}s contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Center for Research Resources, National Institutes of Health, or US Department of Veterans Affairs. Some study medications (Climara{\textregistered} patches and Prometrium{\textregistered}) were kindly donated by Bayer Health Care and by Abbott Pharmaceuticals. The Aurora Foundation did not have input into the design or conduct of the study or the review or approval of any presentations or publications. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.",
year = "2021",
doi = "10.1080/13697137.2020.1804545",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "24",
pages = "139--145",
journal = "Climacteric",
issn = "1369-7137",
publisher = "Informa Healthcare",
number = "2",
}