TY - JOUR
T1 - Key changes in denervated muscles and their impact on regeneration and reinnervation
AU - Wu, Peng
AU - Chawla, Aditya
AU - Spinner, Robert J.
AU - Yu, Cong
AU - Yaszemski, Michael J.
AU - Windebank, Anthony J.
AU - Wang, Huan
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2014 Editorial Board of Neural Regeneration Research. All rights reserved.
PY - 2014
Y1 - 2014
N2 - The neuromuscular junction becomes progressively less receptive to regenerating axons if nerve repair is delayed for a long period of time. It is difficult to ascertain the denervated muscle’s residual receptivity by time alone. Other sensitive markers that closely correlate with the extent of denervation should be found. After a denervated muscle develops a fibrillation potential, muscle fiber conduction velocity, muscle fiber diameter, muscle wet weight, and maximal isometric force all decrease; remodeling increases neuromuscular junction fragmentation and plantar area, and expression of myogenesis-related genes is initially up-regulated and then down-regulated. All these changes correlate with both the time course and degree of denervation. The nature and time course of these denervation changes in muscle are reviewed from the literature to explore their roles in assessing both the degree of detrimental changes and the potential success of a nerve repair. Fibrillation potential amplitude, muscle fiber conduction velocity, muscle fiber diameter, mRNA expression levels of myogenic regulatory factors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor could all reflect the severity and length of denervation and the receptiveness of denervated muscle to regenerating axons, which could possibly offer an important clue for surgical choices and predict the outcomes of delayed nerve repair.
AB - The neuromuscular junction becomes progressively less receptive to regenerating axons if nerve repair is delayed for a long period of time. It is difficult to ascertain the denervated muscle’s residual receptivity by time alone. Other sensitive markers that closely correlate with the extent of denervation should be found. After a denervated muscle develops a fibrillation potential, muscle fiber conduction velocity, muscle fiber diameter, muscle wet weight, and maximal isometric force all decrease; remodeling increases neuromuscular junction fragmentation and plantar area, and expression of myogenesis-related genes is initially up-regulated and then down-regulated. All these changes correlate with both the time course and degree of denervation. The nature and time course of these denervation changes in muscle are reviewed from the literature to explore their roles in assessing both the degree of detrimental changes and the potential success of a nerve repair. Fibrillation potential amplitude, muscle fiber conduction velocity, muscle fiber diameter, mRNA expression levels of myogenic regulatory factors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor could all reflect the severity and length of denervation and the receptiveness of denervated muscle to regenerating axons, which could possibly offer an important clue for surgical choices and predict the outcomes of delayed nerve repair.
KW - Denervation
KW - Fibrillation potential
KW - Gene expression
KW - Maximal isometric force
KW - Muscle fiber conduction velocity
KW - Muscle fiber diameter
KW - Nerve regeneration
KW - Neural regeneration
KW - Neuromuscular junction
KW - Reinnervation
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U2 - 10.4103/1673-5374.143424
DO - 10.4103/1673-5374.143424
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:84908616476
SN - 1673-5374
VL - 9
SP - 1796
EP - 1809
JO - Neural Regeneration Research
JF - Neural Regeneration Research
IS - 20
ER -