Insights from the NHLBI-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. Part II: Gender differences in presentation, diagnosis, and outcome with regard to gender-based pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and macrovascular and microvascular coronary disease

C. Noel Bairey Merz, Leslee J. Shaw, Steven E. Reis, Vera Bittner, Sheryl F. Kelsey, Marian Olson, B. Delia Johnson, Carl J. Pepine, Sunil Mankad, Barry L. Sharaf, William J. Rogers, Gerald M. Pohost, Amir Lerman, Arshed A. Quyyumi, George Sopko

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

586 Scopus citations

Abstract

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death and disability in the U.S., but recent advances have not led to declines in case fatality rates for women. The current review highlights gender-specific issues in ischemic heart disease (IHD) presentation, evaluation, and outcomes with a special focus on the results derived from the National Institutes of Health-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. In the second part of this review, we will assess new evidence on gender-based differences in vascular wall or metabolic alterations, atherosclerotic plaque deposition, and functional expression on worsening outcomes of women. Additionally, innovative cardiovascular imaging techniques will be discussed. Finally, we identify critical areas of further inquiry needed to advance this new gender-specific IHD understanding into improved outcomes for women.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)S21-S29
JournalJournal of the American College of Cardiology
Volume47
Issue number3 SUPPL.
DOIs
StatePublished - Feb 7 2006

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine

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