@article{2c093eb608644f38bed8b7ff336e302f,
title = "How to Distinguish Correlation From Causation in Orthopaedic Research",
abstract = "Correlations in observational studies are commonly misinterpreted as causation. Although correlation is necessary to establish a causal relationship between two variables, correlations may also arise due to chance, reverse causality, or confounding. There are several methods available to orthopaedic researchers to determine whether the observed correlations are causal. These methods depend on the key components of the study including, but not limited to, study design and data availability on confounders. In this article, we illustrate the main concepts surrounding correlation and causation using intuitive real-world examples from the orthopaedic literature. Please visit the following https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WW7pFudZbHA&t=52s for a video that explains the highlights of the paper in practical terms.",
keywords = "arthroplasty, causation, chance, confounding, correlation, orthopaedics",
author = "Isabella Zaniletti and Larson, {Dirk R.} and Lewallen, {David G.} and Berry, {Daniel J.} and {Maradit Kremers}, Hilal",
note = "Funding Information: Funding: This work was funded by a grant from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) grant P30AR76312 and the American Joint Replacement Research-Collaborative (AJRR-C). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study, and all authors had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. Funding Information: Funding: This work was funded by a grant from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) grant P30AR76312 and the American Joint Replacement Research-Collaborative (AJRR-C). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study, and all authors had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 Elsevier Inc.",
year = "2022",
doi = "10.1016/j.arth.2022.11.019",
language = "English (US)",
journal = "Journal of Arthroplasty",
issn = "0883-5403",
publisher = "Churchill Livingstone",
}