TY - JOUR
T1 - Hormonal regulation of biomineralization
AU - Arnold, Andrew
AU - Dennison, Elaine
AU - Kovacs, Christopher S.
AU - Mannstadt, Michael
AU - Rizzoli, René
AU - Brandi, Maria Luisa
AU - Clarke, Bart
AU - Thakker, Rajesh V.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, Springer Nature Limited.
PY - 2021/5
Y1 - 2021/5
N2 - Biomineralization is the process by which organisms produce mineralized tissues. This crucial process makes possible the rigidity and flexibility that the skeleton needs for ambulation and protection of vital organs, and the hardness that teeth require to tear and grind food. The skeleton also serves as a source of mineral in times of short supply, and the intestines absorb and the kidneys reclaim or excrete minerals as needed. This Review focuses on physiological and pathological aspects of the hormonal regulation of biomineralization. We discuss the roles of calcium and inorganic phosphate, dietary intake of minerals and the delicate balance between activators and inhibitors of mineralization. We also highlight the importance of tight regulation of serum concentrations of calcium and phosphate, and the major regulators of biomineralization: parathyroid hormone (PTH), the vitamin D system, vitamin K, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and phosphatase enzymes. Finally, we summarize how developmental stresses in the fetus and neonate, and in the mother during pregnancy and lactation, invoke alternative hormonal regulatory pathways to control mineral delivery, skeletal metabolism and biomineralization.
AB - Biomineralization is the process by which organisms produce mineralized tissues. This crucial process makes possible the rigidity and flexibility that the skeleton needs for ambulation and protection of vital organs, and the hardness that teeth require to tear and grind food. The skeleton also serves as a source of mineral in times of short supply, and the intestines absorb and the kidneys reclaim or excrete minerals as needed. This Review focuses on physiological and pathological aspects of the hormonal regulation of biomineralization. We discuss the roles of calcium and inorganic phosphate, dietary intake of minerals and the delicate balance between activators and inhibitors of mineralization. We also highlight the importance of tight regulation of serum concentrations of calcium and phosphate, and the major regulators of biomineralization: parathyroid hormone (PTH), the vitamin D system, vitamin K, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and phosphatase enzymes. Finally, we summarize how developmental stresses in the fetus and neonate, and in the mother during pregnancy and lactation, invoke alternative hormonal regulatory pathways to control mineral delivery, skeletal metabolism and biomineralization.
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U2 - 10.1038/s41574-021-00477-2
DO - 10.1038/s41574-021-00477-2
M3 - Review article
C2 - 33727709
AN - SCOPUS:85102902537
SN - 1759-5029
VL - 17
SP - 261
EP - 275
JO - Nature Reviews Endocrinology
JF - Nature Reviews Endocrinology
IS - 5
ER -