High Long-Term Mortality Rate in Elderly Patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Subdural Hematoma due to Ground-Level Fall: Neurosurgery's Hip Fracture?

Background: Moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major source of morbidity and mortality in elderly patients. Little is known about long-term mortality in elderly patients following mild, nonfatal TBI and how the injury mechanism predicts survival. This study aimed to compare long-term mortality in elderly patients with mild TBI and traumatic subdural hematoma (tSDH) due to ground-level fall (GLF) versus those with TBI and tSDH due to another cause (i.e., non–ground-level fall [nGLF]). Methods: This retrospective study comprised 288 patients ≥60 years old from a single Level I trauma center with tSDH and Glasgow Coma Scale scores 13–15. Results: Median follow-up after initial TBI presentation was 2.9 years for the GLF group and 2.4 years for the nGLF group. During follow-up, 98 patients died, and median survival for all elderly patients with mild TBI and tSDH was 4.6 years. The GLF group had a higher mortality rate than the nGLF group, with 93 patients in GLF group dying during follow-up compared with 5 in nGLF group (P < 0.0001). The annual death rate for patients in the GLF group was 12.5% per year. For patients 60–69 years old, 39% in GLF group died compared with 4% in nGLF group during follow-up (P = 0.0002). Likewise, for patients 70–79 years old, 29% in GLF group died compared with 7% in nGLF group (P = 0.021). Finally, 56% of patients >80 years old in GLF group compared with 18% in nGLF group (P = 0.11). Conclusions: Elderly patients with mild TBI and tSDH due to GLF have significantly higher long-term mortality than patients with injuries due to nGLF.