TY - JOUR
T1 - Genetic and environmental risk factors for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies
AU - Reed, Ann M.
AU - Ytterberg, Steven R.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by a grant from the Muscular Dystrophy Association.
Funding Information:
A relationship between injections of bovine collagen used for cosmetic surgery and connective tissue disorders, including IIM, was first noted in the late 1980s. Nine patients were described with IIM (8 with DM and 1 with PM); the average onset was 6.4 months after collagen implant or skin test exposure [124] . Case ascertainment was biased, with all cases seen in a single practice or identified through adverse reaction reports received by the manufacturer. The number of cases reported was greater than expected, compared with data from an earlier epidemiologic study [68] . Immunoreactivity to collagen was found in most of the reported patients. Subsequent studies, supported by grants from manufacturers of the collagen products, were unable to support this association [125,126] .
Copyright:
Copyright 2008 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2002/11
Y1 - 2002/11
N2 - Although the studies discussed are beginning to reveal a number of genetic and possible environmental risk factors for myositis, further investigations are needed to fully understand and classify these syndromes. The difficulties in this process include small numbers of subjects with varying disease phenotypes available for study, polygenic risk factors for which it remains unclear which are primary and which are secondary or linked genes, and the lack of validated environmental exposure assessment tools. New technologies and international collaborative approaches, however, may overcome some of these difficulties and allow us to identify genetic and environmental risk factors, as well as the critical gene-environment interactions in the IIM and its subgroups. Nonetheless, our understanding of these diseases is still in the early stages. Although we have learned a great deal about these disorders through detailed investigations over the last several decades, we have even further to go to understand the environmental triggers and genetic susceptibilities for the myositis syndromes.
AB - Although the studies discussed are beginning to reveal a number of genetic and possible environmental risk factors for myositis, further investigations are needed to fully understand and classify these syndromes. The difficulties in this process include small numbers of subjects with varying disease phenotypes available for study, polygenic risk factors for which it remains unclear which are primary and which are secondary or linked genes, and the lack of validated environmental exposure assessment tools. New technologies and international collaborative approaches, however, may overcome some of these difficulties and allow us to identify genetic and environmental risk factors, as well as the critical gene-environment interactions in the IIM and its subgroups. Nonetheless, our understanding of these diseases is still in the early stages. Although we have learned a great deal about these disorders through detailed investigations over the last several decades, we have even further to go to understand the environmental triggers and genetic susceptibilities for the myositis syndromes.
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U2 - 10.1016/S0889-857X(02)00029-7
DO - 10.1016/S0889-857X(02)00029-7
M3 - Review article
C2 - 12506777
AN - SCOPUS:0036866041
SN - 0889-857X
VL - 28
SP - 891
EP - 916
JO - Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America
JF - Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America
IS - 4
ER -