TY - JOUR
T1 - Fetal Hands
T2 - A Comprehensive Review of Prenatal Assessment and Diagnosis Over the Past 40 Years
AU - Tonni, Gabriele
AU - Grisolia, Gianpaolo
AU - Bonasoni, Maria Paola
AU - Rizzo, Giuseppe
AU - Werner, Heron
AU - Sepulveda, Waldo
AU - Ruano, Rodrigo
AU - Araujo Júnior, Edward
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology
PY - 2023/3
Y1 - 2023/3
N2 - Fetal skeletal dysplasias involving limbs and hands are rare congenital malformations. Prenatal two-dimensional ultrasound diagnosis of fetal limb defects has a sensitivity of about 30%; however, an increased detection rate may be obtained using three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound in the rendering mode. 3-D ultrasound may be used as a complementary method providing additional information. Currently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with the emergence of ultrafast imaging techniques and new sequences, allows for better diagnosis of several fetal skeletal dysplasias such as limb reduction defects and neuromuscular disorders. 3-D volumetric images from ultrasound or MRI scan data allow 3-D ultrasound reconstructions of virtual/physical models, and virtual reality can help researchers to improve our understanding of both normal and abnormal fetal limb/hand anatomy. In this article, we review the embryological development of fetal hands and their main anomalies including prenatal diagnostic methods, genetic counseling, the role of orthopedic and plastic surgery reconstruction, and new perspectives in fetal surgery.
AB - Fetal skeletal dysplasias involving limbs and hands are rare congenital malformations. Prenatal two-dimensional ultrasound diagnosis of fetal limb defects has a sensitivity of about 30%; however, an increased detection rate may be obtained using three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound in the rendering mode. 3-D ultrasound may be used as a complementary method providing additional information. Currently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with the emergence of ultrafast imaging techniques and new sequences, allows for better diagnosis of several fetal skeletal dysplasias such as limb reduction defects and neuromuscular disorders. 3-D volumetric images from ultrasound or MRI scan data allow 3-D ultrasound reconstructions of virtual/physical models, and virtual reality can help researchers to improve our understanding of both normal and abnormal fetal limb/hand anatomy. In this article, we review the embryological development of fetal hands and their main anomalies including prenatal diagnostic methods, genetic counseling, the role of orthopedic and plastic surgery reconstruction, and new perspectives in fetal surgery.
KW - Fetal hands
KW - Limb reduction defects
KW - Magnetic resonance imaging
KW - Three-dimensional ultrasound
KW - Two-dimensional ultrasound
KW - Ultrasound detection rate
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U2 - 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.09.022
DO - 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.09.022
M3 - Review article
C2 - 36526543
AN - SCOPUS:85144782942
SN - 0301-5629
VL - 49
SP - 657
EP - 676
JO - Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology
JF - Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology
IS - 3
ER -