TY - JOUR
T1 - Extracellular vesicles in the glioblastoma microenvironment
T2 - A diagnostic and therapeutic perspective
AU - Russo, Marissa N.
AU - Whaley, Lauren A.
AU - Norton, Emily S.
AU - Zarco, Natanael
AU - Guerrero-Cázares, Hugo
N1 - Funding Information:
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the ecosystem of cells and extracellular components surrounding tumor cells. The cell populations within this environment coordinate to adapt in ways that collectively favor and support survival of cancer cells as well as facilitating local invasion, making the TME highly dynamic (Anderson and Simon, 2020). TMEs generally consist of tumor cells, stroma, blood vessels and vascular components, and infiltrating inflammatory cells (Whiteside, 2008). The GBM TME includes these same components while displaying particular heterogeneity. GSC and differentiated GBM cells (DGCs) are the major proliferating tumor cell populations. The non-tumor cells that are typically present include endothelial and vascular pericytes (Charles and Holland, 2010) (Anderson and Simon 2020). GBMs also have an immunosuppressive TME. In this environment, immune cells that would carry out tumor-suppressing activities transition towards a state promoting inflammation and/or tumor escape. These altered immune cells include innate and recruited/infiltrative cells such as microglia, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and glioblastoma associated myeloid cells (GAMs) (Darmanis et al., 2017; Gabrusiewicz et al., 2016; Shi et al., 2015). This environment is complex as the tumor mass itself can actively change the TME, while the TME also affects the growth of the tumor. The interactions taking place between the neighboring cancer and non-transformed cells make the TME a key component in tumor progression (Balkwill et al., 2012). The diffusion of cytokines, chemokine, growth factors, and matrix remodeling enzymes drives this bidirectional intercellular communication shared between the tumor cells and their TME (Balkwill et al., 2012) as the dynamic activities of these molecules trigger responsive alterations to local/surrounding tissue.The authors would like to acknowledge the Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and the University of North Florida for their support. MNR and ESN were supported by the Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; ESN received funds from the Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, the Uihlein Professorship Research Grant, and the National Institute of Health (NIH; F31NS120605). LAW, NZ, and HGC were supported by the Uncle Kory Foundation and NINDS (K01NS11093001).
Funding Information:
The authors would like to acknowledge the Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and the University of North Florida for their support. MNR and ESN were supported by the Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences ; ESN received funds from the Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, the Uihlein Professorship Research Grant , and the National Institute of Health (NIH; F31NS120605 ). LAW, NZ, and HGC were supported by the Uncle Kory Foundation and NINDS ( K01NS11093001 ).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022
PY - 2022
Y1 - 2022
N2 - Glioblastoma (GBM), is the most malignant form of gliomas and the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults. Conventional cancer treatments have limited to no efficacy on GBM. GBM cells respond and adapt to the surrounding brain parenchyma known as tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote tumor preservation. Among specific TME, there are 3 of particular interest for GBM biology: the perivascular niche, the subventricular zone neurogenic niche, and the immune microenvironment. GBM cells and TME cells present a reciprocal feedback which results in tumor maintenance. One way that these cells can communicate is through extracellular vesicles. These vesicles include exosomes and microvesicles that have the ability to carry both cancerous and non-cancerous cargo, such as miRNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and DNA. In this review we will discuss the booming topic that is extracellular vesicles, and how they have the novelty to be a diagnostic and targetable vehicle for GBM.
AB - Glioblastoma (GBM), is the most malignant form of gliomas and the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults. Conventional cancer treatments have limited to no efficacy on GBM. GBM cells respond and adapt to the surrounding brain parenchyma known as tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote tumor preservation. Among specific TME, there are 3 of particular interest for GBM biology: the perivascular niche, the subventricular zone neurogenic niche, and the immune microenvironment. GBM cells and TME cells present a reciprocal feedback which results in tumor maintenance. One way that these cells can communicate is through extracellular vesicles. These vesicles include exosomes and microvesicles that have the ability to carry both cancerous and non-cancerous cargo, such as miRNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and DNA. In this review we will discuss the booming topic that is extracellular vesicles, and how they have the novelty to be a diagnostic and targetable vehicle for GBM.
KW - Exosomes
KW - Glioblastoma multiforme
KW - Microvesicles
KW - Perivascular niche
KW - Subventricular zone/neurogenic niche
KW - Tumor microenvironment
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U2 - 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101167
DO - 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101167
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85144940016
VL - 91
JO - Molecular Aspects of Medicine
JF - Molecular Aspects of Medicine
SN - 0098-2997
M1 - 101167
ER -