Eosinophils promote effector functions of lung group 2 innate lymphoid cells in allergic airway inflammation in mice

Background: Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are critical mediators of type 2 respiratory inflammation, releasing IL-5 and IL-13 and promoting the pulmonary eosinophilia associated with allergen provocation. Although ILC2s have been shown to promote eosinophil activities, the role of eosinophils in group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) responses is less well defined. Objective: We sought to investigate the role of eosinophils in activation of ILC2s in models of allergic asthma and in vitro. Methods: Inducible eosinophil-deficient mice were exposed to allergic respiratory inflammation models of asthma, such as ovalbumin or house dust mite challenge, or to innate models of type 2 airway inflammation, such as inhalation of IL-33. Eosinophil-specific IL-4/13–deficient mice were used to address the specific roles for eosinophil-derived cytokines. Direct cell interactions between ILC2s and eosinophils were assessed by in vitro culture experiments. Results: Targeted depletion of eosinophils resulted in significant reductions of total and IL-5⁺ and IL-13⁺ lung ILC2s in all models of respiratory inflammation. This correlated with reductions in IL-13 levels and mucus in the airway. Eosinophil-derived IL-4/13 was necessary for both eosinophil and ILC2 accumulation in lung in allergen models. In vitro, eosinophils released soluble mediators that induced ILC2 proliferation and G protein–coupled receptor–dependent chemotaxis of ILC2s. Coculture of ILC2s and IL-33–activated eosinophils resulted in transcriptome changes in both ILC2s and eosinophils, suggesting potential novel reciprocal interactions. Conclusion: These studies demonstrate that eosinophils play a reciprocal role in ILC2 effector functions as part of both adaptive and innate type 2 pulmonary inflammatory events.