Economic Burden of Hospitalizations Associated with Opioid Dependence Among Patients Undergoing Spinal Fusion

Background: The current study seeks to examine the association between chronic opioid use and postoperative outcomes for patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) and posterior lumbar fusion (PLF). Methods: The National Inpatient Sample was queried for patients with and without chronic opioid use undergoing ACDF or PLF for degenerative disc disease between 2012 and 2015 using ICD-9 diagnosis and procedure codes. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was performed to assess the association between chronic opioid use and length of stay (LOS), nonhome discharge, and hospital charge. Results: A total of 391 patients undergoing ACDF and 644 patients undergoing PLF with opioid dependence were identified. On multivariable regression analysis, opioid dependence was significantly associated with an increased LOS (mean, 3.09 days vs. 2.16 days; odds ratio (OR) for prolonged LOS (>3 days), 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43–3.14; P < 0.001). Although on unadjusted analyses, patients with opioid dependence undergoing ACDF were found to have higher hospital charges (mean, U.S. $18,698.42 vs. $11,378.61; P < 0.001) and higher rates of nonroutine discharge (19.18% vs. 10.21%; P < 0.001), the multivariable regression analyses found no significant association between opioid dependence and odds of hospital charges >75th percentile (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 0.84–2.47; P = 0.188) or nonroutine discharge (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 0.93–2.34; P = 0.098). For those undergoing PLF, opioid dependence was significantly associated with increased hospital charges (mean, U.S. $37,712.98 vs. $30,475.43, P < 0.001; OR for hospital charge >75th percentile, 1.78, 95% CL, 1.23–2.58, P = 0.002), LOS (mean, 3.42 days vs. 2.30 days; OR for prolonged LOS, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.16–2.00; P = 0.003), and nonroutine discharge (46.89% vs. 36.47%; OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.34–2.26; P < 0.001) on both unadjusted and adjusted multivariable regression analyses. Conclusions: Our analysis using a national administrative database showed that opioid dependence may be associated with worse economic outcomes for patients undergoing ACDF and PLF.