@article{e4ceed057c54409d8ef7c55107591d3a,
title = "Cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer: An analysis from the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (PANC4)",
abstract = "Background: To evaluate the dose-response relationship between cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer and to examine the effects of temporal variables. Methods: We analyzed data from 12 case-control studies within the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (PanC4), including 6507 pancreatic cases and 12 890 controls. We estimated summary odds ratios (ORs) by pooling study-specific ORs using random-effects models. Results: Compared with never smokers, the OR was 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-1.3) for former smokers and 2.2 (95% CI 1.7-2.8) for current cigarette smokers, with a significant increasing trend in risk with increasing number of cigarettes among current smokers (OR = 3.4 for ≥35 cigarettes per day, P for trend <0.0001). Risk increased in relation to duration of cigarette smoking up to 40 years of smoking (OR = 2.4). No trend in risk was observed for age at starting cigarette smoking, whereas risk decreased with increasing time since cigarette cessation, the OR being 0.98 after 20 years. Conclusions: This uniquely large pooled analysis confirms that current cigarette smoking is associated with a twofold increased risk of pancreatic cancer and that the risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked and duration of smoking. Risk of pancreatic cancer reaches the level of never smokers ∼20 years after quitting.",
keywords = "Case-control study, Cigarette smoking, Pancreatic cancer, Pooled analysis",
author = "C. Bosetti and E. Lucenteforte and Silverman, {D. T.} and G. Petersen and Bracci, {P. M.} and Ji, {B. T.} and E. Negri and D. Li and Risch, {H. A.} and Olson, {S. H.} and S. Gallinger and Miller, {A. B.} and Bueno-de-Mesquita, {H. B.} and R. Talamini and J. Polesel and P. Ghadirian and Baghurst, {P. A.} and W. Zatonski and E. Fontham and Bamlet, {W. R.} and Holly, {E. A.} and P. Bertuccio and Gao, {Y. T.} and M. Hassan and H. Yu and Kurtz, {R. C.} and M. Cotterchio and J. Su and P. Maisonneuve and Duell, {E. J.} and P. Boffetta and {La Vecchia}, C.",
note = "Funding Information: The Louisiana State University study was supported by the Louisiana Board of Regents Millennium Trust Health Excellence Fund [project 5: HEF (2000–2005, Genetics Studies in the Acadian Population)]. The Pancreatic Cancer Family Registry at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center has been supported by the Prevention, Control, and Population Research Goldstein Award, the Society of Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, and the Geoffrey Beene Cancer Research Fund. The National Cancer Institute study was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (contract numbers: N01-CP-51090, N01-CP-51089, N01-CP-51092, N01-CP-05225, N01-CP-31022, N01-CP-05227). The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) study work was supported in part by National Cancer Institute grants (CA59706, CA108370, CA109767, CA89726, CA098889 to EAH, PI) and by the Rombauer Pancreatic Cancer Research Fund. Cancer incidence data collection in the UCSF study was supported by the California Department of Public Health, the National Cancer Institute{\textquoteright}s Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program contract N01-PC-35136 awarded to the Northern California Cancer Center. The Yale Connecticut Study was supported by National Cancer Institute grant (5R01-CA098870 to HAR, PI). The Ontario Pancreas Cancer Study was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01 CA97075, as part of the PACGENE consortium), the Lustgarten Foundation for Pancreatic Cancer Research, and the Ontario Cancer Research Network. The Italian and Milan studies were supported by the Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC). The Montreal investigation in the Surveillance of Environmental Aspects Related to Cancer in Humans study was supported by the Cancer Research Society, the Toronto contribution was supported by the National Cancer Institute of Canada, and The Netherlands contribution was supported by the Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (formerly Welfare, Health and Culture).",
year = "2012",
month = jul,
doi = "10.1093/annonc/mdr541",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "23",
pages = "1880--1888",
journal = "Annals of Oncology",
issn = "0923-7534",
publisher = "Oxford University Press",
number = "7",
}