TY - JOUR
T1 - Beam hardening artifacts in micro-computed tomography scanning can be reduced by X-ray beam filtration and the resulting images can be used to accurately measure BMD
AU - Meganck, Jeffrey A.
AU - Kozloff, Kenneth M.
AU - Thornton, Michael M.
AU - Broski, Stephen M.
AU - Goldstein, Steven A.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors are indebted to Charles Roehm for his skillful machining of the SB3 and CB2-50% phantoms used to assess the magnitude of cupping artifacts. The authors would also like to thank Dr. Joan Marini and Dr. Tom Uveges for their assistance with the Brtl/+ mice, Avantika Varma for her assistance with the study, Kristi Overgaard for her critical review of this manuscript, Jaroslaw Tuszynski for providing the PhotonAttenuation2 script on MATLAB central, and Dr. Paul Picot and Dr. Tim Morgan for their insight during the course of this study. We would also like to acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship program, NIH grants P30-AR46024 and T90-DK070071, and the University of Michigan Medical School Student Biomedical Research Program for supporting this work.
PY - 2009/12
Y1 - 2009/12
N2 - Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements are critical in many research studies investigating skeletal integrity. For pre-clinical research, micro-computed tomography (μCT) has become an essential tool in these studies. However, the ability to measure the BMD directly from μCT images can be biased by artifacts, such as beam hardening, in the image. This three-part study was designed to understand how the image acquisition process can affect the resulting BMD measurements and to verify that the BMD measurements are accurate. In the first part of this study, the effect of beam hardening-induced cupping artifacts on BMD measurements was examined. In the second part of this study, the number of bones in the X-ray path and the sampling process during scanning was examined. In the third part of this study, μCT-based BMD measurements were compared with ash weights to verify the accuracy of the measurements. The results indicate that beam hardening artifacts of up to 32.6% can occur in sample sizes of interest in studies investigating mineralized tissue and affect mineral density measurements. Beam filtration can be used to minimize these artifacts. The results also indicate that, for murine femora, the scan setup can impact densitometry measurements for both cortical and trabecular bone and morphologic measurements of trabecular bone. Last, when a scan setup that minimized all of these artifacts was used, the μCT-based measurements correlated well with ash weight measurements (R2 = 0.983 when air was excluded), indicating that μCT can be an accurate tool for murine bone densitometry.
AB - Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements are critical in many research studies investigating skeletal integrity. For pre-clinical research, micro-computed tomography (μCT) has become an essential tool in these studies. However, the ability to measure the BMD directly from μCT images can be biased by artifacts, such as beam hardening, in the image. This three-part study was designed to understand how the image acquisition process can affect the resulting BMD measurements and to verify that the BMD measurements are accurate. In the first part of this study, the effect of beam hardening-induced cupping artifacts on BMD measurements was examined. In the second part of this study, the number of bones in the X-ray path and the sampling process during scanning was examined. In the third part of this study, μCT-based BMD measurements were compared with ash weights to verify the accuracy of the measurements. The results indicate that beam hardening artifacts of up to 32.6% can occur in sample sizes of interest in studies investigating mineralized tissue and affect mineral density measurements. Beam filtration can be used to minimize these artifacts. The results also indicate that, for murine femora, the scan setup can impact densitometry measurements for both cortical and trabecular bone and morphologic measurements of trabecular bone. Last, when a scan setup that minimized all of these artifacts was used, the μCT-based measurements correlated well with ash weight measurements (R2 = 0.983 when air was excluded), indicating that μCT can be an accurate tool for murine bone densitometry.
KW - Ash fraction
KW - Beam hardening
KW - Bone densitometry
KW - Bone mineral density
KW - Micro-computed tomography
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U2 - 10.1016/j.bone.2009.07.078
DO - 10.1016/j.bone.2009.07.078
M3 - Article
C2 - 19651256
AN - SCOPUS:70350225708
SN - 8756-3282
VL - 45
SP - 1104
EP - 1116
JO - Bone
JF - Bone
IS - 6
ER -