@article{3cde2f593e724d4aa669f6fb7d5a0e91,
title = "Assessment of dietary sodium intake using the scored salt questionnaire in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease",
abstract = "The excess intake of dietary sodium is a key modifiable factor for reducing disease progression in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the scored salt questionnaire (SSQ; a frequency questionnaire of nine sodium-rich food types) is a valid instrument to identify high dietary salt intake in ADPKD. The performance of the SSQ was evaluated in adults with ADPKD with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 during the screening visit of the PREVENT-ADPKD trial. High dietary sodium intake (HSI) was defined by a mean 24-hour urinary sodium excretion ≥ 100 mmol/day from two collections. The median 24-hr urine sodium excretion was 132 mmol/day (IQR: 112–172 mmol/d) (n = 75; mean age: 44.6 ± 11.5 years old; 53% female), and HSI (86.7% of total) was associated with male gender and higher BMI and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). The SSQ score (73 ± 23; mean ± SD) was weakly correlated with log10 24-hr urine sodium excretion (r = 0.29, p= 0.01). Receiving operating characteristic analysis showed that the optimal cut-off point in predicting HSI was an SSQ score of 74 (area under the curve 0.79; sensitivity 61.5%; specificity 90.0%; p < 0.01). The evaluation of the SSQ in participants with a BMI ≥ 25 (n = 46) improved the sensitivity (100%) and the specificity (100%). Consumers with an SSQ score ≥ 74 (n = 41) had higher relative percentage intake of processed meats/seafood and flavourings added to cooking (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the SSQ is a valid tool for identifying high dietary salt intake in ADPKD but its value proposition (over 24-hr urinary sodium measurement) is that it may provide consumers and their healthcare providers with insight into the potential origin of sodium-rich food sources.",
keywords = "24-h urine, Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, Diet, Food frequency questionnaire, Progression, Salt, Sodium",
author = "Wong, {Annette T.Y.} and Alexandra Munt and Margaret Allman-Farinelli and Badve, {Sunil V.} and Neil Boudville and Helen Coolican and Chandra, {Ashley N.} and Susan Coulshed and Mangalee Fernando and Jared Grantham and Imad Haloob and Harris, {David C.H.} and Hawley, {Carmel M.} and Jane Holt and Johnson, {David W.} and Karthik Kumar and Lee, {Vincent W.} and Maureen Lonergan and Jun Mai and Anna Rangan and Roger, {Simon D.} and Sayanthooran Saravanabavan and Kamal Sud and Torres, {Vicente E.} and Eswari Vilayur and Zhang, {Jennifer Q.J.} and Rangan, {Gopala K.}",
note = "Funding Information: Funding: This study was supported by an investigator-initiated grant from Danone Research, the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (Grant Nos. 1138533 and 1164128), PKD Australia, the Westmead Medical Research Foundation and University of Sydney Bridging Grants. G. Rangan is a full-time employee of Westmead Hospital (Western Sydney Local Health District, NSW Health) and facilities to produce this manuscript were provided by the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney. A Wong, A. Munt and S. Saravanabavan are supported by project grants from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and in part by grants an Investigator-initiated grant from Danone Research and PKD Australia. A. Chandra is supported by a Postgraduate Research Scholarship in Polycystic Kidney Disease from the Westmead Institute for Medical Research. J. Zhang is supported by a Research Training Program Stipend from the University of Sydney. The manuscript was prepared was independently of the funding organisations. Funding Information: Conflicts of Interest: G. Rangan receives research grant support from Danone Research, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals and has been a site investigator for clinical trials sponsored by Sanofi, Reata Pharmaceuticals. G. Rangan also receives grant support from NHMRC and PKD Australia. D. Johnson has received consultancy fees, research grants, speaker{\textquoteright}s honoraria and travel sponsorships from Baxter Healthcare and Fresenius Medical Care, consultancy fees from Astra Zeneca and AWAK, speaker{\textquoteright}s honoraria and travel sponsorships from ONO, and travel sponsorships from Amgen. He is a current recipient of an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Practitioner Fellowship. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organisation or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",
year = "2020",
month = nov,
doi = "10.3390/nu12113376",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "12",
pages = "1--14",
journal = "Nutrients",
issn = "2072-6643",
publisher = "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)",
number = "11",
}