Aortic valve stenosis: Etiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, and management

More patients with valvular aortic stenosis are being recognized, especially elderly patients with degenerative disease of the aortic valve. For nearly all patients with aortic valvular stenosis, 2-D and Doppler echocardiography have been found to be reliable for both the diagnosis and the establishment of severity (by gradient and valve area) of stenosis as well as for assessment of left ventricular function. Therefore, we project a lesser role for cardiac catheterization in the future, limited to definition of the coronary anatomy. Aortic valve replacement remains the proven therapy for patients with symptomatic aortic stenosis, although the decalcification/lithotripsy and balloon valvuloplasty techniques appear to be promising options in selected patients.