Administration of melatonin and metformin prevents deleterious effects of circadian disruption and obesity in male rats

Circadian disruption and obesity synergize to predispose to development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), signifying that therapeutic targeting of both circadian and metabolic dysfunctions shouldbeconsidered as a potential treatment approach.Toaddress this hypothesis,westudied rats concomitantly exposed to circadian disruption and diet-induced obesity (CDO), a rat model recentlyshownto recapitulate phenotypical aspects of obeseT2DM(eg, circadian disruption, obesity, insulin resistance, and islet failure). CDO rats were subsequently treated daily (for 12 wk) by timed oralgavagewith vehicle, melatonin (aknownchronobiotic), metformin, or combination treatment of both therapeutics. Melatonin treatment alone improved circadian activity rhythms, attenuated induction of β-cell failure, and enhanced glucose tolerance. Metformin alone did not modify circadian activity but enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Importantly, the combination of melatonin and metformin had synergistic actions to modify progression of metabolic dysfunction in CDO rats through improved adiposity, circadian activity, insulin sensitivity, and islet cell failure. This study suggests that management of both circadian and metabolic dysfunctions should be considered as a potential preventative and therapeutic option for treatment of obesity and T2DM.